English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

English - Essay exerciseFurthermore, scientists are of the view that in addition to humans, mammals and birds also dream.It is believed that the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) is a salute that occurs when the human brain is at the pinnacle of its activity a state in which the activity resembles of a state when awake. Rapid eye execution sleep takes place due to the movement of eyes ceaseless(prenominal)ly while sleeping. However, dreams may occur during other different times and state of sleep, but they are less memorable or vivid. A aspiration can be as long as a few seconds to twenty five minutes long. Individuals are more likely to have either a vague or unambiguous recollection of dreams if they are awakened from sleep during the rapid eye movement stage. According to scientists, an average person has two to four dreams per night, and some may even have up to eight occurrences of different dreams in a night. Moreover, some people are able to dream yearlong as the time during the night advances. About two hours of sleep are spent dreaming in a full eight-hour long sleep.According to modern research, dreams are directly connected to the unconscious mind. They categorize from ordinary and normal to completely unreal and obscure. They are of different natures that fluctuates from magical to sexual, exciting, fear inducing, or adventurous. What a person sees in a dream is out of the control of the dreamer, laying in effect an excommunication to lucid dreaming, in which the dreamer can exert some degree of control over his dream.Dream interpretations and opinions regarding the nature of dreams have varied and drifted through the continuum of culture and time. Dream interpretations can be traced as farthermost back as 5000-4000BC. Ancient records of dreams have been acquired from Mesopotamia that are as old as 5000BC, where they were inscribed on clay tablets. People in the Roman and Greek empires believed that dreams held a divine meaning portending the occurre nce of an propitious or

Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Exampleng an increasing trend these social enterprises are not practicing on ethical grounds and are take to consider ethical principles while executing their decisions. Peoples confidence in the integrity and cartwheel of these social enterprises is decreasing day by day and lack trust these enterprises consider social benefits while conducting business activities. As proposed by Rhode & Packel (2009), numerous factors impact the ethical decision making within only sorts of organizations and in order to solve the problem of rising misconduct, an in depth analysis of such factors is needed. The proposed factors overwhelm moral awareness, moral decision-making, moral intent and moral action. And individuals vary on these grounds causing cognitive biases that lead to the development of unethical behaviour. Being a part of business enterprise, the organizational culture and social organization also helps in manipulating individuals acts and decisive ness on moral grounds. The authors also provided the main areas where ethical considerations may recrudesce in a non-profit organization such as social enterprise. These include conflicts of interests, compensations, publication & solicitation, investment policies, monetary integrity, strategic management and accountability.Thus in order to encourage ethical decision making, certain guidelines provided may be followed such as ensuring effective and efficient codes of conduct as well as compliance programs, encouraging effective management of financial affairs and incorporating an ethical culture that inhibits immoral conducts. But only these measures would be ineffective if the ethical reasoning does not descend from the people occupying leading positions. The importance of morals cant be neglected in any sort of organization or private decision making but its significance in non profit sector cant be neglected as it forms the basis of societal gain and its violation may resul t in pain not only the economy but also the social

Lawrence Heights Youth Gun Violence Research Paper

Lawrence Heights Youth Gun Violence - Research Paper utilizationThe theme of both the essays deal with the psychological and emotional aspects of soldiers involved in contendfare and both canvas to emphasize on the grueling effects that war could bring upon the soldiers. Apart from the theme, there are rather a few similarities in the ideas discussed in these deuce essays and they are detailed below. An account of The Things They Carried OBrien, the informant of this essay, tries to bring out the emotional burden that the soldiers carry during war, through the space of opportunities created by the explanation of somatic things carried by these soldiers. The mirage of fantasy that confounds their consciousness by feeding them misconceptions of reality is clearly described by the rootage through the character of Jimmy Cross. Cross accuses himself for the death of his team member Lavender, because, he was the person who failed to entertain him in that grave hour. At that time, C ross was completely swept off from his feet by fantasy thoughts approximately his issue, Martha and his doubts over whether she is virgin or not. If this story is considered to be a rendering of war between love and war, then the death of Lavender clearly signifies the victory of war over love. (OBrien, 2009) OBrien brings out the distrustful nature of war through the depressive attitude shown by Cross after Lavenders death. through the description of those thoughts, the author also tries to indicate the fact that most of the people who were involved in war were young and youthful people who should have experienced the joyous aliveness of college, in their age. Instead, the emotional iniquity and coward thought haunts them in every second of their life. However, the author ends up the essay on a irresponsible intent by elucidating the thoughts of Cross who tries to erase the memories of his girlfriend by burning her pictures and decides to believe that, to superstar is ki ck downstairs than to love. Overall, OBrien effectively persuades the reader to think deep and relate directly to the effects felt by the burden these soldiers carried day in and day out. (OBrien, 2009) The Ecstasy of War and its Similarities Barbara Ehrenreich tries to distinguish the two needs of war the material advantages and psychological dominance through this essay. Although she excludes discussing about the former need, she presents a critical thought and abridgment of how the psychological impact presides itself in every humans mind. The first similitude between the two essays is how the two authors present the emotional struggle that every person faces while going to war. Barbara here presents those points with the description of how people go to the level of committing suicide to avoid the struggles they have to face in war. The second similarity is in how Barbara expresses the experiences that a youthful person could have in leading a normal life rather than promotei ng in war. According to her, boys become men ready to face society save through their experiences with social interactions but the soldiers who are completely devoid of such experiences are bound to headache and feel emotionally stressed. Third similarity comes in the idea of inhumanness in approaching. As Cross chooses to lead leaving his love, Barbara also emphasizes on people leaving out all kinds of common human emotions and fight in the war like an animal, confronting everyone with

Compilation of Online Resources on Language and Literacy Programs Research Paper

Compilation of Online Resources on nomenclature and Literacy designs - Research Paper ExampleThese skills would process the child or the adult to become a more competent person in the society. in that location are certain disabilities which can also impair the study and reading capabilities of the children. Measures have also been interpreted to address such needs. English literacy and its teaching have evolved as an important aspect in advanced day times. There are also instances where steps have been taken to improve the English teaching capabilities of the immigrants and the families coming from the low economic back grounds. modified emphasis has been shown in some countries to develop the learning and literacy levels of the families of young children to help them learn the vocabulary and logical skills in a better and fast manner. Special trainings are given to the volunteers who conduct such trainings. Title- Teacher cultivation (School-based architectural plans) URL - http//graduate.lclark.edu/departments/teacher_education/current_teachers/reading/ Annotation - Teacher Education is a school-based computer program in language and literacy. Lewis & Clarks Language and Literacy Program has been developed to provide an thorough view of the literacy for reading and writing programs in the schools. The course of the study emphasizes on the notion that language with its every richness consisting of the different forms and functions, forms the imbedation from which a literacy program can evolve. The courses that are in the Language and Literacy Program leads to Reading Endorsement and allows the person to teach reading in all the four levels beginning with former(a) childhood, the elementary level, the middle section and the high school. The program requires on an average 14-15 semester hours and approximate 18 months in part-time study. Title - Rural Language & Literacy Connections (Rural LLC) (School-based programs) URL - http//r2ed.unl.edu/resea rch_programs/research_rural_literacy.shtml Annotation - Rural Language and Literacy Connections (Rural LLC) is learning and literacy program aimed at the school levels. It is a unique method that has been designed in order to create an intense form of literacy-based learning program targeting the rural, low-income based children living in Nebraska. The main aims of the Rural LLC are to get up the oral language capacity of the young children, their phonological awareness, improving the efficiency of the early childhood professionals found in preschools and in the additional child care settings in order to support the future reading. The special emphasis that is observed in the program is put on the preschool settings that are mostly center-based. Title - doorstep INTO PRACTICAL LITERACY (DIPL) (School-based programs) URL - http//www.dipl.com.au/ Annotation- DOORWAY INTO PRACTICAL LITERACY or DIPL is a language and literacy program that is aimed at the children in schools. It is a complex language technique that aims at making both teaching along with learning literacy more fun and thus effective. DIPL has been formed in a way that it can be use for daily classroom use. DIPL incorporates spelling, the reading skills, basic grammar, punctuation and auditory forms in a sequential program that would cater to all learners. DIPL has developed and uses different phonological skills in its areas of literacy. Title - Workplace English Language & Literacy (WELL) (Community-based programs) URL - http//www.ibsa.org.au/news-and-projects/workplace-english-language-and-literacy-well.aspx Annotation - Workplace Engli

Equiano and Pontiac Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Equiano and Pontiac - Essay ExampleWhile the creator seems to admit helplessness in dealing with the slavery, the impression created is the slavery of separation between slaves. In some other words, even though slavery was the order of the day, Equianos bitterness is on the incarceration the slaves have to endure. In this regard, the aspect of the write could be seen as one that embraces slavery but fights against separation.The above conclusions have been as a result of the tone, spoken communication and the words used in the lamentations by the generator. For instance, the statement, must every carver feeling be sacrificed to your avarice is intended to show that even slaves had their ambitions which sadly had to be sacrificed to please the masters. Further, the generator laments that slaves are denied the chance to hobnob wherever they are. Therefore, usage of these statements and words show the aspect from which the writer is speaking.Evidently, Neolins criticism in regard toward slavery is the tendency by the Indians to seize the resources of other nations. With strong language and seemingly preparedness, the writer is adamant that the Indians are focused on impoverishing others by forcefully seizing resources. Additionally, the writer is very vehement in criticizing the action by the said congregation to dictate what kind of forage the locals ought to consume. Finally, there is strong element in the purchase of weapons from the Indians by the locals. The writer creates the impression that even without the groups help, the local people would still live normally courtesy of their religious belief in God.While both writers agree on the needlessness of slavery, the difference is in addressing their slave masters. While Equiano takes an approach that could be described as a rebuke, Pontiac seems to be prepared to fight them. Additionally, Equiano chooses to rebuke the oppressors using their own credit unlike Pontiac who uses his belief. Moreover, Pnti ac goes a

Impact of iTunes and Other Online Services on Music Industry Research Paper

come to of iTunes and former(a)(a) Online Services on Music Industry - Research Paper ExampleFurthermore, the study indicates that the drop in the number of revenues is a result of two main factors an apparent increase in piracy link issues and the ability of the potential buyers to pick and choose particular songs rather than buying the entire albums instead. Though iTunes has ferment up to be a dynamic and a powerful medium having the potential to revolutionize the medicinal drug industry, unless the drop in revenues has turned out to be a huge draw posterior which overpowers the apparent advantages of the medium of the industry. Impact of iTunes and other online services on medicine industry Introduction iTunes is like a music jukebox which is used to manage, purchase and tidy sumload the music online. It is an online music library with an added feature that allows the online purchase of music. However, in line of business to the tradition purchase of music albums iTunes allow the customers to cherry-pick the particular songs instead of buying the entire albums. This in turn has various implications which will be addressed further on in the paper. iTunes was launched in 2003 which was a product conceived by Macintosh replaced Napster therefore it is important to analyze and track the impacts of Napster on the industry to contrast the results with iTunes for a more credible result. The decade after Napster was replaced saw a drastic decrease in the revenues of music industry in the U.S. In contrast when Napster was first introduced in the market, the U.S music industry saw a rapid increase in the profits. According to the statistics, the U.S shipments for recorded music were increase from $5.8 billion to $12.8 billion mingled with 1975 to 1990s. This is a positive indicator as the recorded shipments almost doubled. However, between 1990s to 2007, the records again dropped back to $5.5 billion. (Waldfogel 2011). The same trend was observed worldwid e indicating the strong impact of iTunes in the market. Though many researches indicated that iTunes acquit paved way for piracy and illegal copy of music, but iTunes was constituted in such a way that it minimizes the risks of piracy related issues. With iTunes, music can be shared in two ways, i.e. each by sharing an entire library or by sharing specific playlists. iTunes doesnt meet illegal copying of music over the internet as the music is only available to the military system where iTunes is located. Also, the music can only be retrieved by the person using the iTunes, he shuts down the system the music is no longer available for anyone to be listened. (Waldfogel 2011). iTunes protects the content by two ways, i.e. foremost by incorporating copyrights laws and secondly via contracts. However, different countries have now come up with different jailbreaks and unlocking software which allows copying of music online onto iTunes for free. Though the laws are considerably stric t in U.S, but in Europe and other places the laws can be molded which results in music piracy via iTunes elsewhere. Thus, these two factors i.e. pick and choose which music to purchase, and unlocking software leading to music piracy leads towards the apparent decrease in revenues. However, according to a revue by Berkeley University, the impact of peer-to peer music

3D Printing in the world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

3D Printing in the universe of discourse - Research study ExampleThis proficiency is a modern technique which differs in many ways from the machine techniques that were tradition totallyy utilise. The traditional methods relied on the methods involving removal of substantives such as cutting. This is why they were known as subtractive processes whereas 3D notion is known as additive process. The 3D publish uses the digital technology and these printers were initially construct by China. These printers came in the late 1980s and ever since then they have been increasingly used all oer the world. In the beginning of the 21st century, as the digital technology became more popular and ripe(p), the development in the sales of the 3D printers was greatly observed. The sales of these printers increased in various parts of the world where they were used for new and innovative purposes. Gradually, as the sales and the demand grew, the costs of these printers fell immensely since they were introductory manufactured. Some of the purposes for which these machines were used were in industrial uses, architecture, jewelry, aerospace, engineering, medical, education, information systems and many others (Griffith, 2012). 3D printing is the technology to throw materials and objects using a sequential layers technique. The materials which are produced by using the layering process can be anyplace in the product life cycle. However, the subtractive methods of manufacturing objects can be used as traditional methods in manufacturing. 3D printing was invented by Charles W. Hull (Chuck). In the mid 1980s when it was invented, it used a stereolithography technique. This technique used a UV laser which was shined in the vat of an ultraviolet-sensitive photopolymer, and then it traced the object so that it was created on the surface. The polymer would solidify wherever it was touched by the beam, and that beam would print the particular object layer by layer as per the instruc tions fed in the CAD/CAM file through which it is working. CAD file is computer-aided design and CAM is computer-aided manufacturing. Chuck also founded a company which was called 3D Systems. The company made stereolithography machines which expensive machines of over $100,000 used in moneymaking(prenominal) techniques. 3D Systems is still operating today and now it sells the 3D printers of advanced technology. There is a variety of printers that are manufactured using different advanced technologies ranging from entry-level kits to the advanced commercial systems. The company also provides on-demand services manufacturing parts for business users. Many businesses and industries use the 3D printers and they need the machines to be up to date and maintained. There are many benefits of 3D printing which is why it is immensely used in the world today. Many designers use the 3D printing techniques to rapidly design the concepts and turn them into 3D models or rapid prototyping. It als o allows for the rapid design changes which enables the designers to carry out their work rapidly and swimmingly using the up to date technologies. The manufacturers are also allowed to produce the products rapidly on demand quite than on large run, which also increases the management of the sufficient amount of inventory and reduces the warehouse space. 3D printing techniques can help the people living in remote locations to fabricate the objects that would be inaccessible to them otherwise. 3D printing must be a onetime cost because once the designers and businesses have bought the machinery for 3D printing they can save a lot of material and money which is used in subtractive techniques of manufacturing. The material in this technique is drilled, cut and shaved off hence raw material can be wasted. 3D printing is

Wal-Mart v. Dukes, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart v. Dukes, - Essay ExampleAfter numerous good proceedings, the US court ruled in favor of the firm, an action that caused uproar within the US, thereby having evidentiary impacts to the US business, with its rippling effects resonating for years to come.It is unlawful to mistreat employees based on multifaceted unjustified features such as gender, race or cultural affiliation. Firms ought to implement policies such as efficiency, and skills in promotion of their employees (Copeland & Labuski, 2013). Additionally, equal prospects in the training of employees are significant. As such, owing to diverse similar cases, impacts on both the employers and the employees are severe. Such instances have adverse effects to employee motivation, thereby reducing their efficiency. I swear that the court ruling was erroneous (Copeland & Labuski, 2013). Besides, owing to the case, the firm may have experienced numerous losses, since the remain employees may have experienced indirect impa cts, owing to the reduction of the workforce. Established firms such as Wal-Mart ought to tie to the implemented labor laws in their appraisal of employees, thereby eliminating recurrence of such instances. However, the firm may warrant itself owing to the misconception that male person employees tend to be more efficient. This misconception keep opens to be irrelevant since numerous female employees continue to prove even more efficient as compared to their male counterparts (Martens, 2012). Additionally, diverse labor unions have continually protested against Wal-Mart Stores, thereby criticizing it over the alleged abuse of the labor laws and accusations of gender and racial discriminations (Copeland & Labuski, 2013). It is also apparent that these women continually underwent dissimilar circumstances such as the low pay owing to their gender (Martens, 2012). Additionally, the promotion of the male employees was critically unjustified. The management Wal-Mart Stores failed to in corporate

DQ5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

DQ5 - Essay ExampleIf the information has some extreme values, consequently median becomes the most accurate measure of central tendency. However, one weakness of median is that it can non be utilise to raw-data and the data has to ar sendd in ascending or descending order. This indicates that this measure is time consuming and when data is re all in ally large it is truly difficult to first arrange it in ascending order and wherefore arrive at median. Mode is considered appropriate for nominal data and can be calculated very(prenominal) easily by observation. There are no calculations required when computing mode and hence it is very quick. The only disadvantage with mode is that it gives the least accurate answer and hence people do not use it despite it being the easiest measure of center or central tendency.Measures of dispersion describe the revolve of data. Some of these measures include range, variance and standard deviation. It includes measures such as range, standar d deviation and variance. The advantage of range is that it is very simple and tells you the spread of data. However, since it is dependent on just two values, the answer is not the fairest authority of the distribution. Another very important measure of dispersion is standard deviation. Since it includes all the values of the observation it is most likely to give a best and accurate answer. But, as the numbers are squared in computing standard deviation, the extreme values get more weightage and answer is distorted. Similarly, variance is another good measure as it includes all the values in a observation. The only weakness of variance is that it is very time consuming as each observation has to be squared.The number of observations that fall into a special(a) class is call the frequency or count of that class. Frequency distribution is a table that lists all class and their frequencies in a systemized manner. This table tells us at a glance that how many propagation a particul ar observation has been seen in our

Biodiversity of the Pacific Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biodiversity of the Pacific Islands - Essay ExampleThe wildlife trade is one factor in this decline, oddly an improvement in transport facilities has made it possible to ship animals and plants and products derived from them anywhere in the world. Wildlife trade is a highly profitable business and involves a wide variety of species with millions of animals and plants traded each year to supply the inquire for pets, ornamental plants, furs, skins, leather and timber, and articles manufactured from these materials. Incredibly, the wildlife trade is second, in monetary terms, only to the drug trade, and perhaps the arms trade. The annual average trade in wildlife products is estimated at around five billion US dollars. The shock absorber of DeforestationThe effects of deforestation ar quite evident all across the Pacific islands and therefore across all world cultures. However, perhaps the area which is most devastated is the island of Papua New Guinea. Current estimates of forest desolation are hard to come by but in the late 1980s the forest was being preoccupied at a rate of 21,000 - 22,000 ha per year (Hurst, 1990 Mullins, 1994). Forest product production has increased from 300,000 box-shaped meters in 1969 to over 1.7 million cubic meters in 1989. Most of these exports are in the form of logs, so Papua New Guinea misses out on any value added component that would result if timber were svelte locally. Foreign investors, mainly Japanese, Malaysian, Korean, and Chinese, dominate the timber industry. In the late 1980s local timber companies only had rights to one-fifth of the available logging concessions (Barry, 2000).The Pacific forests are rich in wildlife. Placental mammals, marsupials, birds, and reptiles abound. Doubtless, there are a lot of species that have not yet come to scientific attention. There are 650 species of birds, 500 of which are confined to the forests (Hurst, 1990).

Understanding Human Behavior & Prejudice can be hurtful and Essay

Understanding Human Behavior & disfavor bottom be hurtful and destructive - Essay ExampleUnderstanding Human Behavior & disfavour can be hurtful and destructiveThe key reason behind the understanding of human doings is that all the individuals in an organization cannot be the same in terms of nature, behavior, personality and attitude (Freeman, 1999, p.229). The advance(a) theories of human behaviour are based upon the differences in each and every individual within an organization. before the study proceeds to realize and understand the human behaviour, it is grievous to determine what the human behaviour in reality means. Behaviour is specific responses that can be observed directly or indirectly (Griffin and Moorehead, 2011, p.19). Indirect manifestations can be executed through the attitudes and decision making process of the leaders. On the former(a) hand, direct observation process can be executed through understanding the responses of the individuals in a particular wee or organizational environment (Martin, 2005, p.104). This organizational human behaviour process is quite unpredictable and comminuted to understand. The human behaviour can be classified into three components motivated behaviour, goal oriented behaviour and caused behaviour. Human behaviour is the factor that depends upon the inner emotion of the individuals, such as anger, motivation, joy and sorrow (Henderson, 1996, p.195). It is important for the leaders to understand the past organizational behaviour in order to make any salmagundi of decision or implement a strategy in the organizational human resource trouble process (Hernandez and OConnor, 2009, p.12). ... Each and every individual has a distinctive combination of several characteristics, as behaviour is the outcome of interaction between the environmental and individual characteristics (Dutt, 2008, p.5). Some of these characteristics develop over sentence or present from the time of birth. These characteristics are known as learned and inherited. Some characteristics (Clawson and Bevan, 2008, p.9) and behaviour types gravel been provided in the following table Characteristics Behaviour Relationship Conflict Tolerance Perception about reference conflict Huge tolerance for limited role conflict. Significance of Job satisfaction Leaders usher intrinsic rewards versus extrinsic less job satisfaction. Work Ethic Attendance Strong value and attain ethic related with high work attendance. Interest Diversification Compensation and Salary Measurement high interest of performance diversity. Locus of Control Job stress experience Huge stress with outside and emphasized locus of control. In order to understand the human behaviour, the leaders or managers should understand the psychoanalytical model. Psychoanalytical model is based upon the ego, id and super ego. Ego generally represents the conscious stage of an individual. On the other hand, id represents the inner pleasure of an individual (Denis i and Griffin, 2005, p.21). Id in an individual can be both constructive and destructive. noxious tendency of individuals can be dominating, aggressive and fighting (Cardwell and Flanagan, 2003, p.144). Throughout the life of an individual, id generally comes in a conflict with ego. On the other hand, ego depends upon the super ego. In terms of super ego, an individual cannot be aware about the functions of super ego (Guindon, 2010, p.71). Super ego generally represents

Quality of Successful Marriages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quality of Successful Marriages - Essay exampleBe it any problem or trouble, the whole family tries to overcome it collectively.This affects and influences the upbringing of the children in this culture to a huge extent as well. Usually the parents communicate to their children in a genuinely evident manner and encourage them to communicate in a similar way. They discuss very minute details and interact very closely. For example, my mother has always talked to me very frankly, about everything, be it the smallest details even the taboos of the society, and this has encouraged me to apportion everything with her in return. This has always helped me to get closer to my mother.Not only this, my parents have always depicted very close communication, sharing everything with each other, understanding each others deprivations and personality and valuing each others opinions and thoughts. As Ive heavy(p) over while, being brought up in this particular way where interpersonal communica tion has always been hard-pressed upon, I have grown learning these values that conveying your own thoughts and understanding others is the most all-important(prenominal) part of being in a relationship, and the most important factor of fashioning it successful.In asset to this, I would comparable to induce within myself, such skills that would help me to communicate with people especially my world-shattering other in the best possible way so that I can always understands his require, thoughts and opinions his way. This is wiz of the foundations of making a marriage successful.2. EMPATHY & SENSITIVITYEmpathy means to understand. To stand in the others shoes and try to theorise and realize what that particular person would be going through. This is quite self-explanatory how important this factor would be for a successful marriage. If unmatchable cannot understand the other properly, this will eventually lead to conflicts that can staidly damage the relationship and in wor st cases, can even bring an end to the relationship.Empathy has always been one of the basic aspects of successful relationships, especially marriages. Here, Id like to give a personal daily-life example if I need to study for a test, but my parents want me to help them in some endurehold chores, and they dont understand and lean to be narrow minded and keep on scolding me and forcing me not to study and do the house work, how difficult it would get for me to pursue my studies. In my family, however, its the other way round. My parents have always understood my needs and my priorities and have neer forced me to do what I dont want to and/or I cannot do at a particular point in time due to my own engagements or commitments.Moreover, my parents always empathize with each other. If my father has some unexpected business proceedings and/or meetings, for example, and he has prior plans with my mother, like shopping, she would always understand and would not fret about it. Similarly, if my mother (a working woman) needs some time out to carry out her office work at home, my father would always understand and would never get upset. Had it been the other way round, and had my parents never empathized, they would have always been fighting and upset with each other. scarcely thankfully, its the former way and they always empathize with each other. This in turn shows me and teaches me the importance of empathy in making a relationship, especially marri

Organizational behaviour of Oman Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organizational behaviour of Oman activate - Essay ExampleThis paper presents Oman pains Company. The machinate analysis of the firm has been performed to find the internal and the external purlieual situation of the confederacy. The international flattop of the Sultanate of Oman is Oman walkover and the familiarity is based in Muscat. 33.8% stake of the company is held by the government and the key operation of the company is in providing international and domestic passenger services. It also offers charter work and local air taxi. Oman Air was founded during 1993 and it has a strong business presence in the Sultanate of Oman. Airlines industry is highly susceptible to political changes as the political environment plays a major role in determining the travelling frequency of travelers curiously international. Unstable political environment markedly reduced the international traffic inflow. Since Oman Air is the national carrier for the Sultanate of Oman the business is giga nticly monopolistic in nature. According to the official report of Oman Air during the year 2008 the company faced net loss of 42.775 million RO due to economic downturn. Though in Oman the economic downturn did not have a huge impact and the passenger traffic rose by 19% the company faced losses due to economic slowdown in the international market. The internal environment of a company can be assessed using McKinseys 7-S framework. The seven variables of the McKinsey framework offer the essential structure to analyze the operations of an organization and the interdependency of the variables is useful while analyzing complex organizations (Waterman et al, 1980). Strategy Oman Air is the leading carried in Oman and their strategy is to maintain a positive work culture and thus rear customer neighbourly operations. Providing a reliable, safe and seamless flying experience which is further enhanced by friendly and warm customer services. Support in bound local tourism and become t he send-off choice airline. Structure The organizational structure of Oman Air is large and handling such a large structure is difficult. In order to become more efficient in its operations the communications from the corporeal to the employees has to be made clearer by making changes in their organizational structure. Systems The cargo operations management strategy is completely automated thus enabling automated end to end cargo operations, processing efficiency, undefiled tracking, flight capacity that is optimized and e-freight capabilities (press release, 2011). Skills The prominent skill of the employees at Oman Air rests in offering customer friendly services. Managers are responsible for monitoring and assessing the skill of each crew member. This gives the needed framework to enable inclusion body of its corporate strategy into the employees work practices. Staff Recruitment and selection of new staff is based on their field experience and educational qualification . To maintain high levels of performance the staff are trained on a continuous basis. Style The staff are lead in an effective manner by the managers. The managers are kept updated by higher level of the board of directors. Shared appreciates The main value of Oman Air lies in its staff members. A value of importance is instilled in all staff members. The swell being of the company directs all individuals and the culture of the company is imbibed in its work

Zeitoun by Dave Eggers Understanding Hurricane Katrina Essay

Zeitoun by Dave Eggers Understanding Hurricane Katrina - Essay ExampleIn a single story, Dave Eggers depicts the countless tales of trauma during and after the Hurricane Katrina, in the book Zeitoun. This paper captiously examines how Eggers narrative in Zeitoun affects the understanding of Hurricane Katrina based on my own experiences with those depicted in the text and how they coincide with the event. Zeitoun is a contemporary nonfiction masterpiece that illustrates the crushing effects of Hurricane Katrina. In the book, Abdulrahman Zeitoun is an American Muslim, born and grown up in Syria before settling in the U.S. Zeitoun married Cathy, a native Louisiana Muslim. When Hurricane Katrina began, Zeitoun sends his family to Baton Rouge. Zeitoun stays behind to watch over his folk and business. After the devastating storm, Zeitoun crosses the submerged city in a canoe helping trapped people. Zeitoun and cardinal friends atomic number 18 arrested by law enforcement agents in th e ensuing counterterrorism efforts. While Zeitoun experienced poor treatment in the hands of the security officers, the book gives clear portray of prison injustices met on the basis of discrimination. A critical analysis of the novel reveals that the authors main themes relates to racism and the importance of family relationships in post-disaster efforts. With specific imagine to the Hurricane Katrina, the book exposes the reader to the government inefficiencies and flaws in handling the disaster. In particular, the book explores the consequences of government inefficiencies such as prison injustices, discrimination and breaking of family ties. Litman (2006) argues that every disaster presents unique problems, and that Katina began with hurricane leading to civil disorder and isolation of people (2). The handling of the Hurricane Katrina has been criticized for various reasons. The Center of Progressive Reform (2005) argues that Katrina was foreseeable but emergency rejoinder p lanning and implementation efforts were poor (6). Although the book does may not paint a complete picture of the post-disaster management exercise, it exposes how long-running government inefficiencies could be exacerbated during disaster management and the consequences such inadequacies have on individuals and families. The Federal parking brake Management Agency (FEMA) was mandated in overseeing both the preparation and result to the disaster. The book shows how FEMA could have lost its centralise on mitigating natural disaster. On one hand, the book exposes how efforts from civilian volunteers could have helped in disaster response efforts. This is especially important considering that federal assistance was delayed for many days after the disaster. Criticisms have been embossed against the leadership in disaster management. While there was communication breakdown, civilian volunteers could have had an impact in rescuing trapped people. The book uncovers the impact of prison injustices in the investigations of the terror threats following the Hurricane Katrina. For instance, Zeitoun and other men are arrested and transferred to Hunt correctional facilities while no appropriate charges are preferred. This is especially important because the Zeitoun is not allowed to impact his family or friends. Egger says Zeitoun had not been charged with a crime.he did not know why he was being held.in a small room surrounded by soldiers in camouflage demanding he removes his change state (226). From the outset, this statement exposes the violation of human rights issues during the post-Katrina events. The author continues

Anxiety and Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anxiety and first gear - Essay ExampleThought the methodology of evaluation and the subsequent analysis are fairly standard, at that place are a number of discrepancies noted. The authors are not exposed to the events leading to depression of the initial cohort, and whether it was of cushy or severe nature. Whether the phase was preceded by same family or economic disaster, or were the patients genetically disposed to the illness is not laid out.2 How were the previous cohort rehabilitated If the reasonableness of the previous depression was an bully temporary event, the individual has a greater chance to come out and carry on with life. The authors take to correlate the present incidence of depression with the causative factor initially3 The authors have inclined an incidence of 30% mortality in these individuals. It is probably more important to actually discuss the cause of the mortality also. We do not know the ages of the patients, and the exact etiology. The causation o f death wad be essential in some percentage, and how many of the dead were actually suffering from persistent depression only can point this to be the cause.The questionnaire has not been included in the journal.

Johnny Cupcakes Essay Example for Free

grayback Cupcakes Essay greyback Cupcakes is a multi-million dollar garb brand. The brand was founded in 2001 by insurgent Earle. unity of Johnnys acquired nicknames was Johnny cupcakes. He thought it would be funny to make a straddle random shirts that said Johnny Cupcakes on them for the fun of it (Earle, 2012). After massive interest in these shirts, he decided to slip by to make more and change up the designs. In 2001, Johnny stated, the band I was in, On Broken Wings, fin whollyy got sign-language(a) to a record label and we began to tour full condemnation (Earle, 2012). This opened up Johnny and his t-shirts to a larger crowd of customers in different disassembles of the country. This boosted the brands popularity and Johnny decided to quit the band and focus each(prenominal) of his time, effort, and attention on his t-shirts. Johnny ended up going to trade shows in Las Vegas and eventually ended up getting carried by shop classs in Japan, Europe, and Canada in addition to a few new(prenominal) US locations (Earle, 2012).Johnny had a turning point wink at that very same trade show later on that year. He realized good deal didnt uniform having the same things as others and that they enjoyed uniqueness. At this point Johnny made the decision to pull up all his shirts from retail interposes. Earle 2012 stated that he decided to make all of his t-shirts contain edition and exclusive, only market placeing them through his website and later on in his own retail stores. As the Johnny Cupcakes brand grew, Johnny opened up stores in Hull, MA Boston, MA Las Angeles, CA and capital of the United Kingdom, England. Johnny states that Above all, Ill continue to focus on enhancing my customers feels through my stores, events, website, designs, and packaging. I forget never ever sell my brand to investors for all the money in the world. I think youll find that things will only get more provoke from here (Earle, 2012).The Johnny Cupcakes brand to some arouse be described as streetwear. Hundreds, 2011 defines streetwear as a genre of contemporary app atomic number 18l, united between sportswear and military looks, and is one that speaks to a spectrum of subcultures (skateboarding and hip-hop mostly). any(prenominal) of Johnny Cupcakes major(ip)(ip) competitors atomic number 18 besides streetwear brands such as Us Versus Them, Reason, Benny Gold, Situationormal, Flying Coffin, Clot, Diamond, Fuct, Alife, The Hundreds, A Bathing Ape, Supreme, and Rebel8 among others. These companies not only produce unique designs and clothing, they have a fan base, and what some capacity call a cult following. They represent more than just a t-shirt. They differentiate themselves by their designs, material, limited edition collections, and the customer experience. Johnny Cupcakes top products are his limited edition t-shirts, only the company also sells sweatshirts, hats and accessories. unitary of the things that make JC stand push through is their packaging. The supplies the company needs and uses are not just clothing/accessory based, hardly just as important is their packaging.Johnny Cupcakes uses bakeshop style boxes with their cupcake and crossbones logo on it. The company also uses specially made tissue musical composition to wrap the bought goodies up in. The tissue paper is also marked with the JC logo. The are two major external factors that greatly influence Johnny Cupcakes as a company and those are the economy and trends. Since Johnny Cupcakes offers prodigality items (those items that consumers dont need, but rather want), the economy poop play a significant role in their profits. When times are tough, like in an stinting recession, the majority of hoi polloi watch their money more closely. These people may choose to only grease ones palms things out of necessity rather than splurge on things they want. Another big obstacle that JC has to stay on top of is the trends of their market. Cloth ing styles and designs come and go, therefore, Johnny Cupcakes needs to stay at the forefront of what their target market likes otherwise they could easily become extinct.One way JC battles these two external factors is making every shirt limited edition. The limited edition status gives the feel of exclusiveness. People not only crave exclusiveness, but will pay top dollar for it. Because theyre collectibles and not just apparel, customers are willing to pay $60 for a Johnny Cupcakes shirtand even stand in line for a new release like kids waiting for concert tickets (Spaeder 2007). This exclusiveness plays off of our cultures social classes. Most Americans want to be in a better social class. Exclusiveness is a trait that is common in the highest of classes. The limited edition shirts not only sets the standards for someones social status, but also keeps inventory at a low, making sure the products that are produced are sold. Having limited edition shirts erases a good deal of the risks and fears of the changing trends of JCs market. Since there are only a smattering of the shirts avail open, they are long gone before the design and style gets soggy. Also, this allows the company to be very conciliative with the changing market.The two major internal factors that impact the organization are how they enhance the customer experience and their product packaging. These are two very important factors that help create the Johnny Cupcakes brand. They are part of the JC culture and without them, the brand wouldnt be what it is today. Part of the customer experience lies in JCs three retail store locations. Theyre set up just like bakeries, complete with glass display shelves, employees wearing aprons and the smell of vanilla extract frosting in the air (Spaeder 2001). During big releases or setting up weekend pop-up stores, Johnny himself will be there to greet and talk with everyone of the customers that walk through his store. This again is part of the experienc e and friendship he wants his fans to feel when they think of the Johnny Cupcakes brand. Johnny thinks nice packaging sets an experience, a memory, or a safe-keeping that is sometimes just as important as the product itself.Im a grade for nice packaging (Earle, 2012). When conducting a SWOT analysis of Johnny Cupcakes, some of the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have already been discussed. JCs major strengths are the exclusiveness it personifies by selling limited edition shirts and the customer experience it provides. One of its major weaknesses is the fact that it only has three retail stores and an online store. If it were to grow (and being a multi-million dollar business it has the resources to do this) it could reach more of a customer base and increase not only its fan following, but its sales as well. A huge opportunity that Johnny Cupcakes has is the fact that it has done several boffo collaborations with other companies including Nickelodeon and Hello Kitty, which blow a fuses its customer and fan base. As with all companies, a threat is competition. If JC can stay authentic to its audience then it will overcome the competition.As stated earlier, since JC is a luxury brand, the economy and trends are another threat. Listening to their market will definitely help subdue these threats. One of Johnny Cupcakes biggest resources and assets are its customers. Johnny Cupcakes has not only been able to acquire customers, but also fans and audiences (which is much more powerful). The reason the JC brand has been able to do this is because of the experience a customer gets when going into a store or a pop-up shop. When a customer sees their Johnny Cupcakes shirt they remember an experience they had when buy the shirt. I personally have two JC shirts (one was given as a gift so I dont have an experience to associate with that but my parents, who bought the shirt for me do). I do have a smart as a whip recollection of an experie nce I had when purchasing my first Johnny Cupcakes t-shirt at a pop-up shop on Marthas vineyard. in that respect was a line of people waiting at a small bakery for it to open its doors.Everyone was unsure of what the t-shirts would look like because the designs had not yet been released. Not knowing what shirts will be sold definitely gives a little sense of excitement and surprise and being excited roughly a brand goes a long way with customer loyalty. The waiting fans were given diner-like menus to see what shirts would be available. This definitely embodies the Johnny Cupcakes culture and experience. Once the doors were open to the bakery only a few people were allowed in at a time. This also gave the impression of exclusiveness. The limited edition shirts available were all Marthas Vineyard related. Not only is MV a huge tourist location, but being a resident of the island I had a sense of pride and being able to wear something relating to the island meant something to me, as I am sure it did to others, whether they were residents or tourists gaining a unique souvenir.After purchasing the shirt and leaving the bakery, I was salutation outside by Johnny Earle himself who not only took a picture with me, but also signed my shirt. My parents had a similar experience, telling me what a meaningful conversation they had with Johnny. Every time I pull out my JC t-shirt, I remember my unique experience of t-shirt buying. Johnny Cupcakes is a differentiation schema user that sells an experience, along with his products. The way the business is run creates fans. JC leverages the companys resources, the customer experience, to create fans and a following of the brand. There are a handful of such loyal fans that fly out to all his releases to be able to experience them and not miss out on any product or show. JC, on a smaller scale, reminds me of the cult following of The Grateful Dead.Deadheads knew each show was unique and didnt want to miss out on any one of t hem. There are many Johnny Cupcakers who feel the same way. On March 24 of 2011, Johnny Cupcakes went international and opened up a store in London. Johnny had previously tested the waters in London by way of pop-up stores. His store in London was a huge hit, and he plans on a huge one-year celebration. Johnny opened up his store in London the same way he started is brand and opened up his other stores in the USA, with no investors, partnerships, or alliances. He started off small and threw his profits right back into his brand. One of the things Johnny Cupcakes prides itself on is not having to use investors or other companies to grow their brand. Part of this is what makes the brand who and what they are today. By staying authentic and listening to their market, Johnny Cupcakes will be continue to be successful in the years to come. With more years of success under his belt, Johnny may want to further expand his brand in the global market.ReferencesEarle, J. (2012). Story. Retriev ed from http//www.johnnycupcakes.comHundreds, B (2011). The 50 Greatest Streetwear Brands. Retrieved from http//http//www.complex.com/style/2011/06/the-50-greatest-streetwear-brandsSpaeder, K. (2007). By Popular Demand. Retrieved From http//www.entrepreneur.com/ member/177912

Economic Growth and Workers Essay Example for Free

Economic harvest-time and Workers EssayWhat basically the article of Mehring would want to states into the public would be the unfavorable effect of the economic proceeds on the labour market workers. It was states on his paper entitled bouncy Signs A Not-So-Great 08 that market analysts predicts, as 2008 comes, the economy to be more(prenominal) dependent on the breathing in take aim of the consumers. In this light, Mehring stressed that this would be impossible considering the current condition of one of the primary sector in the economy- caparison. For the past years, accommodate sectors has been finishing so badly after the end of 2005 as the demand of consumers for housing units declined dramatically giving the housing firm a hard hit on their financial capabilities. In this regard, members of the housing sectors were forced to lay-off some of their workers. Furthermore, the financial sector of the economy has not been performing well reservation the recovery of the housing sector to slow down.At the end of the twenty-four hour period, it is the consumers, workers at the same time, which receives the completed encumbrance since in that location is a big possibility for them to be fired from their short letters and/or to receive turn down final payment as the economy continuous to perform badly. From November last year up to the present, the number of jobless tribe continuously keeps on rising. Even though there are a lot of jobs that has been created at the suck in of this year, nigh 70,000 jobs, those are still not enough to compensate the job losses that occur in the labor market.Due to the fact that there workers receives lower incomes, logically, they can only consume less hence making the profit of the businesses to decline. It was identified that retail stores experienced significant drop on their sales make up during the holiday season. Due to this, their profitability and outlook in the economy started to baffle depend ent on the capital punishment of the consumption level of the consumer group.Since the profit of the producers are negatively affected by the lower consumption of the consumers, as well as due to the fact that there is a large pool of unemployed muckle available in the labor market, there is a leeway for businesses to offer lower wages to their employees, and the rhythm of burden goes on. Although, export market keeps on lowering down the bad performance of the economy through and through convincing the investors that there is still hope for our economy for avert the negative effects of recession to the entire economy.Because of the alarming effects of the bad economic performance of the country, the government has been identifying ways on how to emergence the growth of the labor sector to improve the consumption levels of the consumers and thus improving the profitability of the business firms operating in the market especially those coming from the construction and housing sec tor. There are already around 350,000 job losses that occurred by the end of December 22 and the current level that we assimilate is higher than with the bonny level of 2007.Meanwhile, most of the job growth falls under the service sector and they are accounted for around 150,000 of the 192,000 jobs that are added in October last year (Mehring 4). Inside the service sector, it is the professional services, health care, leisure and delight that contributes for the improvement of the service sector. In order for the government to fully address the problem regarding unemployment, they must guidance their policies and programs for the betterment of the financial sector, private as well as the providing measures on how to increase the growth cast of the labor market.In short, finds ways on moving the economy away from the midst of recession and unspoilt the concerned sectors of the economy for a sustainable economic growth. Critique and Insight Based from the article of Mehring, th ere is a clear relationship of economic growth and the labor sector which is comprises by the working class. Actually, Mehring presented in his paper how the cycle of recession and unemployment exists in our economy nowadays.Actually, it is a good thing that he mentioned it in his paper since it provides us of the reasons why the government is actually bound of which party they would protect the most, is it the private or the consumer group which could wish wellwise be classified as workers. The not-so-good- performance of our economy for the past two years has been imposing serious threats to study industries and one of this is the housing industry. Here is the logic, by the time the demand housing units declined by the end of 2005, members of the housing industry starts to experience lower profitability.Due to this scenario, this housing industry starts to become incapable of sustaining the current level wage rate and what they will do is to either lay-off some workers and/or l owers down the wage rate that they pay for their workers in order to secure their profitability which eventually throw out decaying the income and purchasing power of the consumers workers and the cycle continuous. There have been studies saying that in order for the economy to be on impressively, the government must find ways to maintain a lower unemployment rate.But what is happening in our case would be a different one considering the response of the consumer group and the market condition of major business sectors. Here, the government must not only focus on the unemployment rate but also considering the welfare of the business firms in making actions to address the problem. There are times wherein the government is besides much engross in solving the unemployment rate but sacrificing the welfare of the businesses and at the end of the day the problem still remain and become worse.I think, it would be better for our government to find ancestors to increase the rate of job gr owth that will not affect negatively the businesses in the economy like lowering down the restrictions of FDI into the country in order for the foreign investors to be encourage establishing their businesses here, thus, making creating more jobs. Moreover, the government could lower down the taxes of the taxes of the domestic companies in exchange of not laying-off of workers.An other(a) possible solution that the government could implement would be to lessen the trade barriers of the government to give way for the multinational companies to traffic circle up their branches here in the country and thus creating more jobs to the economy. The reason why I have been to much in particular of solving the problem regarding unemployment because when a person has a job he could earn an income and used it to his needs or simply as consumption.By the time consumption improves, then, businesses starts to perform better and so with the entire economy. In this scenario, we could see that econom ic growth and workers are really cogitate to one another. Moreover, it is good that Mehring identified in his paper the connection of the financial sector in revitalize not only the growth of the business firms but also its importance on upgrading the financial capabilities of the consumers.Growth of businesses firms economic growth as well as upgrading of financial capabilities of consumers workers is made possible by the financial sector if they would lower down their interest rate from borrowing in order for the businesses and consumers to borrow gold from them and used this money to increase their purchasing power and their budget for operation.Since in this scenario consumer will be having more money through borrowing, then, their consumption level will improved and so with the profitability of the business firms especially the housing and construction sectors which are currently in bad shape in terms of demand and profitability. In this regard, it would be needed to say th at economic growth and workers are interrelated to one another, and the performance of one could affect the other through various economic factors such as consumption pattern and supply level.

Program Budgeting Essay Example for Free

Program Budgeting EssayIn the general aspect of organizational management, the leaders and resuscitateed authorities of each organization develop in effect(p) means of maximizing and properly allocating the important resources and elements existing in an organization for the benefit of the group. In this aspect, leaders aim to critically analyze and understand the processes involved in the organizational structure, the aims and pursuits of the group, the required costs and the lendable resources, and the issues in the organizations pursuit of achieving their common interest. In particular to this concern is the development of an effective and efficient reckon allocation in terms of the production process of the organization. In this aspect, managers aim to develop an organized and existent budget to govern the processes of the group for the aim of maximizing their capital and resources towards the achievement of their common goal. In the real application of budget managemen t, different approaches and strategies argon used based proper(postnominal)ally on the concern and diagnostic of the organization and the process on which it will be applied on.Indeed, each budget target specific issues and concern on the organization on particular perspective such as on the micro, mezzo, or macro level. However, considering the actual application of these budget system, certain organization issues and concepts often hinder this pursuit viz. on the political concern. One of which is the actual impact of constrain and limitations in the expenditure and use of resources in the budget to incorporate actual figures. In relation to this issue is the accuracy of the budget projection on the organization on which, certain aspects and field head for the hills to be inconsistent on the concern of the budget. other large factor excessively in the application of budget is the impact of the political framework already existing inside the organization. In actual view, the f ramework of the organization is largely based on political concepts on which, budget adjustments and changes will result significant reaction from this ground. Often, political parties inside the organization tend to react against the proposal as they view this concern to be unjustified and unequal to the general concern.In particular also to this is the impact of the budget allotment to the higher management in which they must also similarly comply with as part of the organization. Another is that other group in terms of political segregation can postulate underlying reasons for the budget application, which are significantly detrimental to the ideal concern of the budget management. Indeed, among also the important concern in the actual application of budget management are the factors of the views, interpretation, and understanding of the organization towards its concern, which are influential to the practice and adherence to the budget, implemented.

Describe Your Accomplishment Essay Example for Free

Describe Your Accomplishment EssayDescribe the accomplishments you micturate achieved during this consort. My first accomplishments argon to pass the course of math and work elusive on the exam. Im accomplishment in getting a strong foundation in this course. This accomplishment is to understanding many areas covered in math, for examples whole number, the least common multiple prime factorization, and simplifying the expressions, Bar graphs and line graphs, proportions, rates and unit prices and ratios, percent problems, using the equations, simple and compound interest. These are example I have achieved this school quarter. Discuss one or two topics or concepts that have been a cope so far.The concepts that I have a struggle with this term start with locomote and estimating like for example, I would have something like maybe 47 but I know how you dress circle to the closer which will be 50 and if the whole number is 1. The second concept I been struggle with has been s imple and compound interest has been the worse. For example If I had $1000 into and investment for 1 year. I charter the $1000 is called the principal.If the yearly interest rate is 8%, in addition to the principal, you get back 8% of the principal you get back 8% of the principal will be for the intention of the money overtime. 8% of $1000 you can does like 0. 8 $1000 or $80. 00. Describe one action note you can take to overcome your struggle. One of my action step, Im trying very hard to overcome my struggle to me would be work more on my online classes, learn to turn homework in on time and talk to my Professor more if any probably occur in my math course.Another struggle has been simple and compound interest use the practice to study before victorious any type of test whether you r class or other Professor. I try to use the study plan this has help me accomplishments and make good grade. This has been a course I ready penury to pass fail this same class last semester.

Company Law Essay Example for Free

family Law EssayIt has been a long established principle of Company Law that the corporate personality is a separate levelheaded entity distinct from its members. (Salomon v Salomon Co. (1897) However, there are share in which the tourist judicatorys efficiency find it take away to deal with this principle and ignore the principle of separate corporate personality by lifting the corporate hide so to speak. Yet, the courts have non been as prepared to pierce the veil of the corporation as they have been to foster it. Salomon v Salomon Co. gave birth to the separate sub judice personality of the corporation.In this cheek, Mr. Salomon, who was brooking business as a slash merchant formed a beau monde which he c altogethered Salomon Co. Ltd in 1892. His per centums were distributed among his married woman and children, each of whom held one share each, for Mr. Salomon. This was necessary at the time because the fairness requires that the company consist of at least seven shareholders. It is excessively important to none that Mr. Salomon was the managing theatre director of the company. (1897) Salomon Co. Ltd. purchased the leather business which Mr. Salomon estimated to be worth 39,000 pounds. Mr.Salomon based this valuation on his view that the business was bound to be a success rather than the actual value at the time of purchase. The funds were paid as follows 1) 10,000 pounds worth of debenture stocks leaving a charge over all of the assets of the company and 2) 20,000 pounds in 1 pound shares and 9,000 pounds in cash. At this juncture, Mr. Salomon paid off all of the creditors of the business. As a result, Mr. Salomon held 20,001 shares in Salomon Co. Ltd. and his wife and kids held the watching 6 shares. Also, as a result of the debenture, Mr.Salomon was a secured creditor of the company. (Salomon Salomon Co. Ltd. 1897) The leather business floundered and within a year Mr. Salomon ended up selling all of his debentures s o as to salvage the business. This did not work out the way Mr. Salomon planned and the company was unable to throw its debts and consequently went into insolvent liquidation. The companys liquidator alleged that Salomon Co. Ltd. was nothing but a sanctimony serving as an agent for Mr. Salomon. Therefore Mr. Salomon should be held personally liable for the companys debts.The judiciary of Appeal agreed with this finding and held that a companys shareholders were required to be a bona fide brass instrument with the intention of going into business rather than just for the purpose of meeting the statutory provisions for the get of shareholders. (Salomon Salomon Co. Ltd. 1897) The House of Lords reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal safekeeping as follows- 1) It was not relevant for the purposes of find out the genuineness of a companys formation that some shareholders were holding shares for the purpose of forming the company consistent(predicate) to relevant statutory provisions.In fact, it was perfectly court- line of battleed for the procedure for registration to be use by a person for the purpose of conducting a one-man business enterprise. 2) Moreover, a company that was formed pursuant to the regulations provided in the Companies shapes is a separate legal person and was not therefore an agent or regent for the controller. Therefore the companys debts were its own and were not the debts of its members.The indebtedness of the members would be limited in residuum to the shares that they each held. (Salomon Salomon Co.Ltd. 1897) Salomon v Salomon Co. Ltd. has stood up well against the test of time. In Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. 1925 AC 619 the House of Lords held that in the same way that the companys liabilities are the companys and the shareholders, the assets are overly the companys rather than the shareholders. (Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. 1925) In Barings Plc (In Liquidation v Coopers Lybrand (No. 4) 2002 2 BCLC 364 a r ecruit company suffered a spill as a consequence of the loss incurred by one of its subsidiaries.It was held that the subsidiary was the proper party to commence an fulfil in keep an eye on of the loss. This principle followed the rationale in Salomon v Salomon Co. Vis-a-vis the loss was that of the subsidiary and was therefore that companys liability rather than the bring up companys liability. The subsidiary was a separate legal entity from its parent company. (2002 p 364) This ruling was closely followed in both Gile v Rhind 2003 as well as Shaker v Al-Bedrawi 2003.In Re Southard Co Ltd Templeton 1979 3 ALL ER 556 at 565 LJ said that A parent company whitethorn spawn a number of subsidiary companies, all controlled directly or indirectly by shareholders of the parent company. If one of the subsidiary companies, to change the metaphor, turns out to be the runt of the litter and declines into insolvency to the let down of its creditors, the parent company and other subsidiar y companies prosper to the joy of the shareholders without any liability for the debts of the insolvent subsidiary. (Re Southard Co Ltd Templeton 1979 3 ALL ER 556 at 565)Lee v Lees Air Farming, a New Zealand depicted object, is another good example of the courts reluctance to pierce the corporate veil. In this case, in 1954 Lee started a company called Lees Air Farming Limited. Lee owned all of the shares of the company and was the companys Governing coach. In addition, Lee worked for the company as its knob pilot. He died in a plane crash while flying the company plane and his wife tried to claim damages via the companys insurance scheme under the Workers Compensation Act. (Lee v Lees Air Farming 1961)The New Zealand Court of Appeal rejected the widows claim that Lee was a player within the meaning of the Workers Compensation Act and the case went to the fundament Council. The Privy Council found that Lees Air Farming Limited was an entirely different legal entity from Lee a nd legal relationships between the two were perfectly permissible. Moreover, the Privy Council found that Lee, as Governing Director could indeed give order to himself in his capacity as chief pilot. Therefore a superscript/servant relationship did exist between the two and Lee was in that respect a worker within the meaning of the Act.Indeed, as seen in the cases discussed above the courts aggressively protect the separate legal personal identity of the corporate citizen. However, there have been legislative intervention whereby specific situations have been defined where it would be appropriate to pierce the corporate veil. For example Sections 213 and 214 of the Insolvency Acts make it possible for the lifting of the corporate veil in cases of fraud and out virtueed dealing. (The Insolvency Act 1986 Sections 213 and 214) Section 213 is often referred to as the unsound trading provision. (Dignam Lowry 2006 Ch. )This section arises if the court is satisfied that company carrie d on any of its business ventures with the intention of defrauding the companys creditors or the creditors of anyone else. Section 213 impart also arise if the court finds that the company acted for any other fraudulent reason and persons involved in those fraudulent ventures fag end be found liable for the companys debts. In order to satisfy the court of the existence of fraud Section 213 requires proof of actual dishonesty, involving, according to current notions of fair trading among commercial-grade men, real moral blame. The .Section 214 does not impose as onerous a result or standard as does Section 213. It is not necessary to prove an intention to defraud. Section 214 applies to the diaphragm just before a company begins winding up procedures. Section 214 arises when the court is satisfied that the directors every knew or ought to have known that the company was becoming insolvent and continued to trade anyway. The director can be liable for the companys debts in these i nstances. (The Insolvency Act 1986 Section 214)Section 227 of the Companies Act 1985 makes bring forward provision for lifting the veil of the corporation. This section arises in instances where it is necessary to require the production of sort members or group accounts to verify whether or not a subsidiarys financial activity is that of the holding company. (Companies Act 1985 Section 227) The judiciary has also demonstrated a will to lift the corporate veil whenever the ends of arbiter desire it to be done. The circumstances in which the court will ignore the corporate veil are ill-defined and the impression is that these circumstances are developed on a case by case basis.Professor Gower said that challenges to the dogmas of separate legal personality and limited liability at common law tend to raise more fundamental challenges to these doctrines, because they are formulated on the basis of general reasons for not applying them, such as fraud, the company being a sham or faca de, that the company is the agent of the shareholder, that the companies are part of a single economic unit or even that the interests of justness require this result. (Davies 2003 p 184) Adams v Cape Industries Plc 1990 Ch 433 is viewed by Gower and Davies as the leading case on the exceptions to the corporate veil.In the case the Court of Appeal said that it is not satisfied that the court is entitled to lift the corporate veil as against a defendant company which is a member of a corporate group just now on the suit that the company was used to shield a member of that group from future liabilities of the company. As a matter of fact, the Court of Appeal maintained that this was a legal right by adding whether or not this is desirable, the right to use a corporate structure in this manner is inherent in our corporate law. (Adams v Cape Industries Plc 1990 Ch 433)The courts tend to be rather inconsistent with its position on the grounds upon which it will displace the laws pro tecting the corporate veil. While Adams v Cape Industries Plc was very strict in its position in favor of protectioning the corporate veil, the House of Lords was rather liberal in DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council 1976 1 WLR 852. In the latter case Lord Denning speaking of a parent company and its subsidiary holdings said, these subsidiaries are bound hand and foot to the parent company and must do just what the parent company says.He went on to say this group is virtually the same as a partnership in which all the three companies are partners. They should not be treated one by one so as to be defeated on a technical point. (DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council 1976 1 WLR 852) It wasnt long before the courts departed from the position taken by Lord Denning. Woolfson v Strathclyde R. C 1978 SLT 159 the House of Lords took is carry through with Dennings view on the nature of holding companies and the groups under them.The L ords maintained that the corporate veil would not be displaced unless it was shown that the company was a facade. (Woolfson v Strathclyde R. C 1978 SLT 159) In Trustor AB v Smallbone (No. 2) 2001 1 WLR 1177 the court was adamant that the corporate veil would only be lifted in three circumstances. They were, 1) if the court was satisfied on the evidence that the company was a unsullied sham or facade, 2) the company itself was involved in some impropriety or 3) where the interest of justice required it. (Trustor AB v Smallbone (No. ) 2001 1 WLR 1177)Earlier cases identified appropriate circumstances where the court might find that a company was indeed a facade. In Gilford Motor Company Ltd. v Horne 1933 Ch 985 the court found that the company was a facade. In this case an employee bound by a covenant not to solicit the business of his employers, left his employment and set up a company which he used to breach the covenant. The employee argued that while he was bound by the covenant, the company was not. (Gilford Motor Company Ltd. v Horne 1933 Ch 985)In another case the defendant signed an estate contract with the plaintiff for the sale of immovable to him. The defendant changed his mind and formed a company, transferring the realty to the company. He claimed that he was no longer the owner of realty and therefore no bound to the terms of the estate contract. The court found that the company was a undefiled facade for the defendant and he was ordered to sell the realty as per the estate contract. (Jones v Lipman 1962 1 WLR 832) The Court of Appeal identified three instances in which it would be appropriate for the corporate veil to be lifted.The court said, save in cases which turn on the wording of particular statutes or contracts, the court is not free to dis look at the principle of Salomon v A. Salomon Co Ltd 1897 AC 22 merely because it considers that justice so requires. Our law, for better or worse, recognises the creation of subsidiary companies, whi ch though in one sense the creatures of their parent companies, will nevertheless under the general law fall to be treated as separate legal entities with all the rights and liabilities which would normally attach to separate legal entities. (Adams v Cape Industries Plc 1990 Ch 433)Adams has effectively narrowed the circumstances in which the courts will intervene and lift the corporate veil. This is unfortunate since changing times together with the daedal development of both the corporate structure and company law, the Salomon v Salomon Co. rule is in reality maybe out of place today. (Gallagher Zeigler 1990) Although there have been times when the courts have shifted away from this ruling it remains the observation child for the criteria to be met when determining whether or not to life the veil of the corporation.The prevailing berth is to safeguard against lifting the corporate veil. Question 2b) The doctrine of majority rule has been a long established principle of Compa ny Law within the English Legal System and makes it difficult for minority shareholders to take legal action in respect of majority shareholder improprieties. That said, Rebecca as a minority shareholder is protected to a limited extent by the provisions of Section 459(1) of the Companies Act 1985. The development of the common law doctrine of majority rule was enunciated in Foss v Harbottle.The rationale behind Foss was that any difficulties within the structure of the company ought to be dealt in the general meetings of the company by ratification by the majority shareholders. The prevailing attitude of the courts was one of nonintervention. It would only step in if it was for the purpose of dissolving the business. The facts of Foss v Harbottle reveal that in 1835 a company, capital of Seychelles Park Company purchased land in the Manchester primarily for residential purposes.Thomas Harbottle, a director of Victoria Park Company had purchased the billet and resold it to Victoria Park Company who eventually developed the property. Richard Foss and Edward Turton, shareholders of Victoria Park Company brought an action against Thomas Harbottle alleging breach of fiduciary duties in that he sold the property to the company at an inflated price. Turton and Foss also claimed that, acting outside of their powers as directors the directors had burrowed funds in the tell apart of the company.The court held that plaintiffs had no locus standi, and that they were required to have obtained the companys approval to commence legal action. This approval is properly obtained by virtue of a general meeting. In Foss v Harbottle, Wigram VC explained that the corporation should sue in its own name and in its corporate character, or in the name of someone whom the law has appointed to be its representative. It would therefore only be permissible in exceptional cases of serious disgust that minority shareholders could sue the company as a defendant.This explains the relative ly strict approach adopted by the courts in deciding representative forms of actions in the guise of minority shareholder oppression. Jenkins LJ in Edwards v Halliwell explained the apology of the majority rule doctrine in Foss v Harbottle when he said the rule in Foss v Harbottle, as I understand it, comes to no more than this. First, the proper plaintiff in an action in respect of a wrong alleged to be done to a company or companionship of persons is prima facie the company or the association of persons itself.Secondly, where the alleged wrong is a transaction which might be made binding on the company or association and on all its members by a simple majority of the members, no individual member of the company is allowed to maintain an action in respect of that matter for the simple reason that, if a mere majority of the members of the company or association is in favour of what has been done, then cadit quaestio.This is where Section 459(1) of the Companies Act 1985 is importan t to Rebecca in respect of what appears to be insider dealing, distraction and perhaps even fraud. Section 459(1) of the Companies Act 1985 provides as follows- Any member of a company may apply to the Court by petition for an order under this section on the grounds that the affairs of the company are being or have been conducted in a manner which is below the belt damaging to some part of the members (including at least himself) or that any actual or proposed act of scorn of the company (including an act of omission on its behalf) is or would be so prejudicial. David Partington, notes rather bluntly, that the discretion contained in Section 459 is very broad and perhaps immeasurable. The breadth of s. 459 means that there must be an infinite range of situations in which it may be employed. Partington goes on to say that the courts have been extremely flexible in their application of the term unfairly prejudicial. The test for ascertaining whether or not conduct is unfairly pre judicial is an objective lens test rather than a subjective one.The defendants motives are often times not of paramount importance to the courts. In Re Bovey Hotel Ventures Ltd. it was held that the test . is whether a reasonable bystander observing the consequences of (the defendants) conduct would regard it as having unfairly prejudiced the requesters interests. The remedies are no longer limited to winding up procedures and this of mark explains the wider discretion for commencing an action by minority shareholders. Among the remedies available are, rectification, injunctive or buyout relief. By virtue of buyout relief, the court makes an order requiring the company to purchase the shares of the petitioning minority shareholders. This is perhaps the best course for Rebecca to follow.She might not wish to remain a part of a company in which she has all but lost faith in. Re Sam Weller Sons Ltd. rovides some useful guidance as to the kind of conduct that might amount to unfair ly prejudicial within the meaning of the 1985 Act as amended. For example, failing to pay a dividend in the absence seizure of a sound commercial explanation for such a failure amounts to unfairly prejudicial conduct. In Sam Wellers case the dividend had already been covered 14 times with the company declaring it for the ultimo consecutive 37 years. In interlocutory proceedings, Gibson LJ denied the companys application to strike out the petitioners claim noting that the company had a case to answer.

Reimbursement and Pay for Service Essay Example for Free

Reimbursement and feed for Service EssayIntroductionIn this penning we get out discuss what pay for performance is and explain what the reimbursement accept is. In this paper it forget sight how the system figures out price reduction and the impact of the quality grapple patients receive.How does reimbursement and pay for performance affect the physicians? Does this affect us now and will it in the future? health c be has been changing dramatically because of history, political and social along with economical reasons. Reimbursement and pay for performance target and may even interpolate the quality of manage. Pay-for-performance because our current payment system we are using is non emphasizing burden premeditation for patients or consumers. Pay-for-Performance is payment used in the health apprehension it is and has been based off of clinical information. The supposition is to sponsor tie the payment to what and how well providers help the cost of health c are drop. The intent is for preventive care medicine to helping decrease and help with the management of chronic illness. (Pay-for-Performance Incentive Programs in Health Care ( N.D.) With in several months studies puzzle shown that the studies show that the pay for performance works and others that say it does not work. Effect of Pay-for-Performance on ReimbursementHere are some examples of pay for performance is Bridges of Excellent, which is a nonprofit organization health care course of study. Its major factor is patients with diabetes. They feel like over 60% of patients with diabetes dont get the proper treatment and care. The American Diabetes Association has standards and the Bridges to excellent architectural plan gives annual bonuses to physicians in specific areas such as Boston, Louisville and Cincinnati these cities could and submit meet the requirements of this health care plan. On this plan diabetic care calls for the patient universe compliant with care and me dications. In this plan the blood sugar adjudicate and kidney function and retinal exams would haveto be make on a consistent bases. In this plan compensation is up to and over $100.00 per patient for the providers that stick to the rules.Another plan is Anthem Indianapolis this plan started in 1999 that employed over 25 OBGYN providers in Ohio. This is the oldest plan within the US. This plan is done on and by patient satisfaction. Providers push generic drugs instead of name brand ones. Pay For PerformancePay for performance is a movement in health care field of operation.Providers under this arrangement are rewarded for shock pre-established target dates for specific health care functions or procedures. This is also known as P4P or value-based purchasing, this rewards physicians, clinics, and rehabilitation centers, Surgical clinics, hospitals, medical groups, and other healthcare providers. They are rewarded for meeting certain performance measures, as well as quality and e fficiency. (Wachter, Bob (2012) Pay for performance does things such as eliminating payments for negative consequences of care. Which can be medical errors from all health care providers. Errors have increased costs. With increase of seasoned old citizens and disability patients the high rising cost of health care has brought the P4P to the front of the line. Brought P4P to the forefront of health constitution discussions. There have been some studies done by several large healthcare systems. With this it has shown improvements with specific outcomes. A little efficiency has taken effect, but at no cost savings. How much are they sincerely saving because the cost of administrative services is still required. Explains how reimbursement is affected by the pay-for- performance approach.Within the demise decade or years the economy has had many people becomingunemployed and finding jobs at a lower pay rate as to where they cannot afford insurance because they are to high. With being done more people are applying for Medicaid and with all the seasoned senior citizens retiring and receiving Medicare these two insurances are already participating in this service. Majority of health care systems are participating. Many believethat for- profit and non-for-profit health care facilities believe in lower cost for providers that meet the standards of quality care.Care field. There is a perception that cost is driving up health care treatment. Cost reductions lowers cost of visits, emergence path visits, and urgent care visits. It also helps providers to promote preventive care to their patients. Making sure that all hospitals and providers are on the same scale of service. Preventive care helps prevent insurance premiums from rising at cost to the company and consumer.Effect of Pay-for-Performance health care Providers and their PatientsThis plan has the support of providers, hospitals and even patients. With this pay for providers must have and use good judgment for treatment and medication and test that maybe ran. The health care cannot be rated by race, ethnic background, or the patients social status. This plan should not judge by a patients location. This plan is and should be a relationship between patient and provider. The provider needs to understand the patients beliefs and it may help them to treat them and respond to certain myths and recommendations that the provider may suggest.Hospitala and providers and helat care workers are being encouraged to buy into the P4P by different agencies and tahe government. Individual health plans area chiming in also. It has pros and cons such as weakness that may or may not improve health care. It is work out to help lower or slow down ER visits and physicians visits. Now if the providers give quality and efficent care they would and could get financial rewards if patient care improves. P4P measures performance and policy set up for putting this service in action. Discusses the effects pay-for-per formance will have on the future of health careThe P4P effects that will be matchn in the future of health care is that the health care field will see it expand. Pay-for-Performance-defined a reimbursement service that will have links to payments for quality care, which will be an incentive to help improve health care quality of patients by physicians, and hospitals. In improving health care it is reckon to reduce the cost of It was expected that hospitals and providers would respond to P4P incentives.For future health care will based on quality health care and it will become a contract for reimbursement. Patients should feel like they have gotten thevalue of their money. One effect of future health care is those physicians and hospitals that dont participate will be at less to receive patients. Patients that have this health care plan will be more apt to seek physicians that participate. (Goldberg, L (2006) ConclusionPeople in the health care field are getting interested in the p ay for performance because the health care guidelines and regulations are changing in Medicaid, Medicare and private insurance. More hospitals and clinics and specialty facilities and rehab centers are loving receiving incentives for their participation and in the process they are saving cost to patients and insurance companies. P4P is working with insurance companies and providers for the quality of care for patients to be improved. Now managed care is now looking at pay for performance. Reimbursement being linked to pay for performance is like being paid to shop for the best bargain or the most person to fit your needs.

Sports Facility Improvement Essay Example for Free

Sports preparation Improve manpowert EssayThe consider for a clear and prioritised framework for after lifetime enthronement in loosenesss adeptness tote up is curiously critical harmonizeed the likely lease for additive supplying as a result of conjunction emersion in the district, and specific completelyy in the St Neots ara, and the need for ongoing investment in the active bag. prone the temperament of the regulate, which is a combination of the four principal(prenominal) towns of Huntingdon, Ramsey, St Neots and St Ives, littler villages and more than(prenominal) pastoral beas in that coiffement is as well as a need to control that sports facilities ar companionable passim the soil. The emergence of the sports facilities st appraisegy also bears the luck to assess the condition of living cooking, and whether it is appropriate to meet local anaesthetic demand and enquire and to ensure that potential juvenile furnish helps to foretell any flow prize deficiencies duodecimal or qualitative. In addition, at that place is a need to ensure that the appropriate quantity and quality of facilities argon provided to urge profit confederation (Government agenda), and improve the wellness of the local club.There ar twain briny factors which are curiously applicable to the succeeding(a) readiness of sports facilities these are the time to come implementation of the build Schools for the afterlife Programme (BSF) in the regularise, and the authoritative scope of community growth around St Neots. This schema get out be employ to guide and inform the nature and period of resources, financial and operational, which are needed to ensure that Huntingdonshire has up to date, summate for mapping, penetrationible and welcoming sports facilities for the existing fellowship, multitude workings in, or visiting the rule, and any revolutionary residents in the dominion.The Sports Facilities d odge for Huntingdonshire fits at heart the strategical framework for planning for in store(predicate) preparedness as follows Creating ready Places (Regional Framework) Cambridgeshire County Sports Facilities Strategy (County Framework) Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy (local priorities responding to local needs and routines) Strategy Scope The focus of this strategy is indoor sports facilities (swimming pussycats, sports dorm rooms, health and physical fitness facilities, indoor bowls), and Artificial Turf Pitches (ATPs).The Strategy considers existing and plotted facilities incorporating topical anesthetic authority blank centres impulsive sector sports clubs Private sector facilities Secondary schools that allow be re- built or re-furbished under PFI or the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme It is classic to separate out that this strategy foc procedures on corporation sports facility supplying and the needs for supplying both now and into the future. The District also has a authoritative sporting infra organise which acknowledges preparation for activities such(prenominal) as golf, sailing etc, and a large matter of mortal sports clubs.These are genuinely big to facilitate step-upd familiarity, and encourage state to become involved in activity on a regular basis. Strategy Drivers The primeval drivers for the Strategy are The need to plan strategically and ensure sustainability of future provision The Local give awayment Framework (LDF), and rileory Planning Documents setting out expectations for S106 contri exceptions from giveers towards up-to-date and future sports facility provision i Huntingdonshire District Sports mental quickness Strategy administrator Summary marching 2008EXECUTIVE compact The priorities and objectives for the Sustainable Community Strategy The need to identify what provision is needed in St Neots precondition the signifi fuckingt macrocosm increases planned for this field of honor of the District The need to identify how best to provide for those living in hoidenish cranial orbits, where approachability to sports facilities is more limited The need to increase meshing at local take aim Opportunities for pop outnerships Building Schools for the Future (BSF) Schools, field Governing Bodies (NGBs), Sports Clubs etc.N. B The feedback from NGBs reflects that gained in the maturation of Creating busy Places and the Cambridgeshire County Strategy.This approach to the future strategic planning of sports facilities will continue to be important for the District given a number of significant factors at local take aim, such as PARTICIPATION LEVELS The period amply levels of friendship in sport and physical activity in the District over 50% of all Huntingdonshire residents aged 16+ get in in physical activity (participation is mellowed in Huntingdonshire than in England) The Hinchingbrooke School Sports Partnership is now es tablished, and working towards the targets set for the provision of 2 hours of PE for children under 16 positive(p) 2/3 hours of participation in after school sports and physical activity HEALTH CHALLENGES relatively high incidences of cancer outgrowth incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Relatively high total of sight smoking (1 in 5) The rate of admissions to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is less than the England total The need to ensure that obesity, especially amongst youthfulness sight, reduces The opportunity to harness the social horizons of sport and physical activity to address issues f social isolation The opportunity for active participation to contribute to keep abreasting higher life foreboding for the Districts population than the England average PLANNING ISSUES The need to ensure investment in future provision of sports facilities, and the potential to contact this finished and through identification of priorities which inform the Local Development Framework (LDF) existence GROWTH Significant growth in population in and around St Neots, to the south of the District The need to develop Local Standards of provision to inform and guide future S106 contributions from developers District Profile Huntingdonshire is a rural area with four main settlements. Although no more than 12 miles apart in terms of distance, the nature of the district means that purchasableness to connection provision, including sports facilities, is a c residencewayenge. circulating(prenominal) sports facility provision is situated in each of the main settlements to surmount this issue.There is a need to consider how those living in the rural areas can best be provided with participative opportunities. Huntingdonshire District Sports knack Strategy Executive Summary exhibit 2008 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The District is relatively affluent, but has small pockets of deprivation. There are high levels of usance and average wages are higher than other(a)(a) parts of the county, although some younger people lose formal qualifications. Life expectancy is high, and compared to some of the other more rural and urban areas, thither are fewer serious health issues, with the exception of a growing incidence of CHD, and relatively high grade of cancer, experienced by the population.The District has a large younger population, and a high proportion of 30-44 course of study olds this profile is important for sports provision, as individuals tend to be more active when younger. establish on the Active People Survey (Sport England December 2006), adult (ie those aged over 16 courses) participation grade in sport and physical activity are higher than the rates at national level. The level of participation relates to taking part in 30 minutes of physical activity at least 3 clips a week. Sports facility provision in the District is well thought of (comment in Huntingdonshire heathenish Strategy 2007), but there is a conti nuing need for capital investment just to maintain the Councils existing five leisure centres.There are potential partnership opportunities for impudently provision through the breeding sector, and also linked to the growth agenda. Current and Future involve Supply and Demand psycho compend It is important to stress that this assessment is establish on national models which identify the level of provision needed for a current and future level of population ie what level and type of sports facility provision is needed to provide adequately for a specific number of people. To make this more relevant at local level, the modeling then identifies the actual level of come-at-able sports facility provision ie that which is on hand(predicate) on a pay and tactics basis this highlights the fact that there are built facilities in the District that are not fully admissionible for community use.This situation, which is common across the UK would insinuate that the way forward is about a combination of well-defineding up existing sports facilities to ensure there is greater community access, and developing impertinently facilities where appropriate, but particularly to address the Districts growth agenda eg in the St Neots area. Current Demand Table 1 Supply and Demand Analysis 2008 Facility Type Swimming Pools Sports Halls (4 badminton courtyard size) Required Level of Supply ( found on 2007 population of 168,200 (2004 base population Government Actuary Department data, published October 2007) 1756. 67 sq m Current Level of prep Current Level of Accessible prep ( ground on accessibility for pay and bring usage) 688 sq m surplus (+)/Deficit (_) of accessible provision (based on 212 sq m being 1 x 4 road x 25m pussycat) -1068. 67 sq m (equivalent to 5. 1 x 4 channel x 25m pools) 32. 3 (equivalent to 8 x 4 badminton court sports halls) N.B 3 court halls at Sawtry and Ramsey Leisure Centres not include in higher up figure) 223 displace +5 -3 938 sq m (of 25m x 4 road pools and in a higher place) 35 courts (4 badminton court halls and above) 48. 26 badminton courts 16 badminton courts (4 + courts) seaworthiness Stations Indoor roll All weather turf pitches (ATPs) 433 move (based on 12% participation rate (FIA)) 9. 28 rinks 7 (based on 1 ATP 25,000 population) 561 14 rinks 4 210 stations 14 4 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary expose 2008 iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Impact of Increased Population and inte assuagement Table 1 above illustrates the current supply and beg epitome for Huntingdonshire.In terms of strategic planning for future provision of sports facilities, it is important to consider the impact of both an increased population, and increased participation (modeled at a 13 % overall increase, ie % per annum, over the life of the strategy). Table 2 overleaf models the impact of both increased population and increased participation on demand for facility provision. Huntingdonshire Dist rict Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary frame 2008 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table 2 Increased Population (to 2021) and company Impact Facility Type Required Level of Supply by 2021 (based on 2021 population of 188,400 (2004 based population Government Actuary Department data, published October 2007)) 2,066. 02 sq m (9. 7 x 4 lane x 25m pools (212 sq m)) 56. 5 badminton courts (14. 1 x 4 badminton court sports halls) 678 stations 10. 4 8 Current Level of proviso (2007) Current Level of Accessible Provision (based on accessibility for pay and mutation usage) 688 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 16 badminton courts (4 + courts) Impact of 13 % increase in Participation over the life of the strategy i. e. to 2021, (based on 2007 population) in terms of facility requirements 2,211. 63 sq m (10. 43 x 4 lane x 25m pools (212 sq m)) 60. 75 badminton courts (equivalent to 15. 2 sports halls of 4 badminton court size) 468 (based on a 0. 5% increase year on year, which is the curr ent trend) +4 rinks 7. 7Swimming Pools Sports Halls (4 badminton court size) Fitness Stations Indoor bowl ATPs 938 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 35 courts (4 badminton court halls and above) 561 14 rinks 4 210 stations 14 4 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary marching 2008 v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Analysis of Supply and Demand Swimming Pools It is clear that in similarity to current demand for sports facilities, there is an existing inadequacy in provision of swimming pools, sports halls, fitness stations, and ATPs when supply and demand modeling is based on accessibility of facilities. However, the overall dearth in terms of current ie 2008 swimming pool provision (-1,068. 67 sq m/5. x 4 lane x 25m pools) is not really a trustworthy reflection of the existing swimming provision in Huntingdonshire District, given that 2 of the main public pools are excluded from the SFC modelling on the basis that they are not 25m in length. The pools at S awtry Leisure Centre and Ramsey Leisure Centres are only 20m in length. In addition, the learner pool at St Neots Leisure Centre is only 20m long. The impact of including this water topographic point in the supply and demand assessment reduces the shortage to 578. 67 sq m (2. 7 4 lane x 25m pools) in 2008, and 858. 19 sq m (4. 1 4 lane x 25m pools) by 2021. Despite the fact that the three pools above are less than 20m in length, they provide very important and well-used facilities for the local community, and therefore should be adequately reflected in assessing current supply of swimming pools.The reduction in deficit is also important as this facilitates consideration of the extensive mercantile pool provision in the District, which, while not being accessible to many of the population because there is a requirement to pay a membership fee, quite plainly does provide for a percentage of the local community, who can, or who choose to, afford this membership fee. Therefore in r elation to the current level of provision, it is considered that the deficit of 5. 1 4 lane x 25m pools (which equates to 2. 5 8 lane x 25m pools) is adequately addressed by other local provision of water space. This is through the commercial facilities, and also swimming pools at three other local schools Godmanchester, Hinchingbrooke, and Kimbolton.It is also important to stress that the existing HDC pools do not currently fail at full capacity this is due to a number of factors including accessibility, quality and condition. Whilst dual-use facilities provide significant potential for effective operational management because they are used for both curriculum legal transfer and community use, access is restricted during the day to the community. This means that potential users may choose to access other provision they know is open, or they may not swim at all. A further factor is that dual-use facilities have intensive use because they are used for curriculum delivery and co mmunity use and therefore over time this can impact on their quality and condition.Although there are significant pockets of deprivation in the District, Huntingdonshire is a relatively affluent area which is reflected by the level of commercial sports facility provision in the towns given the possible perceived accessibility issues with HDC facilities local residents may be choosing to swim at these facilities, or elsewhere, rather than in HDC facilities. Having examined the possible reasons for the fact that HDC swimming pools do not currently operate at full capacity, it is critical to stress that this current position does not provide a reason not to provide the level of water space required in the District in the future.In terms of future deficits in water space, it is predominantly the growth in population, and specifically that around the St Neots area, that increases demand, and therefore demonstrates a deficit. If the analogous argument is applied as above, the actual defi cit in future supply of water space is (6. 5 4 lane x 25m pool 5. 1 4 lane x 25m pool), which equates to 1. 4 of a 4 lane x 25m pool. On this basis, it is suggested that there will be a need to provide 1 spare 6 lane x 25m pool, possibly on the aim of the rude(a) secondary school to be developed in St Neots, to cater for the growth in population. It is important to state that the supply and demand modelling above is based on a level of supply to provide for a number of people whilst adult participation rates are high in the District existing pools are ot always full to capacity, which indicates that people take part in a range of activities other than swimming. However, the assessment of supply and demand clear shows that pay and play accessibility is an issue in relation to quality water space in the District, and this is likely to be exacerbated by the growth in population. Demand for swimming will increase, and there will be a need for spare provision in St Neots by 2021. G iven the specific location of the majority of the Districts future growth ie east of the railway line in St Neots, there is potential to consider the provision of a youthful swimming pool alongside other community facilities.Given the scale of the residential development, it is likely that there will be a new secondary school in this area and co-location (not dual-use) of a swimming facility on the same site may provide a practical option for future provision. Co-location is suggested to address some of the previously identify factors associated with accessibility to dual-use provision. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sports Halls There is al more or less sufficient actual sports hall in the District at the present time the issue is that all existing facilities are not getable on a pay and play basis (only 16 of the total existing 49 courts (all courts in the District) are available for pay and play access).Openi ng up community pay and play access at existing facilities is a priority, to begin with any excess facilities are built. In 2008, there would be no deficit in sports hall provision if if accessibility is improved at those facilities where community access is currently limited, and all existing courts were available for pay and play access.. By 2021, this sufficiency has decreased to 7. 75 courts ie nearly 2 x 4 badminton court sports hall, if it is again assumed that existing hall accessibility is improved, and all courts in the District are accessible for pay and play usage. The provision of two additional sports halls, one, potentially at St Neots, would be required to address this deficit. Given the comments from the clubs in relation to ccessing existing public sports hall provision, and the existing deficit in accessible provision, there is a need to retain existing levels of sports hall in the District, and indeed seek to open up additional facilities. The proposals to exten d fitness suites at Huntingdon and St Neots Leisure Centres will actually reduce existing accessible pay and play sports hall provision, and therefore increase the identified deficit moving forward. Health and Fitness In terms of fitness stations, there are currently sufficient fitness stations in the District, across all providers to meet community demand the same is true by 2021. It is the accessibility to this provision that is the critical issue, given that a significant level of existing facilities is operated commercially.However, there are also public facilities operated by HDC and other facilities available on Kimbolton and Hinchingbrooke Schools the challenge is to ensure that these facilities operate pricing policies which are inclusive, whilst reflecting the need to levy a membership fee to facilitate health and gum elastic controls in terms of access. Only members who have passed an induction are allowed to use fitness facilities. Indoor Bowls There is sufficient curren t supply of indoor bowls rinks to meet both current and future need (to 2021). Current provision is placed centrally in Huntingdon and in St Neots and is within 20-30 minutes drivetime of the rest of the District. ATPsThere is a need to provide additional ATPs to meet both current and future demand. additional facilities are required in the District now, which should be full size, floodlit, and be either sand based (principally for hoc account, given that there is a general drop of such surfaces on the outskirts of Cambridge, which means the City is fill with demand for hockey game, which it currently struggles to accommodate), or if demand for additional football can be demonstrated, 3G. By 2021 there is a need for 4 additional ATP facilities. Given that there are three planned developments of new ATP facilities in the next 12 months in the District, in reality there will be a deficit of just one ATP by 2021. In developing new ATP provision, it will be important to address the current spatial deficiencies of this type of facility in the northbound of the District. The implementation of BSF may provide the opportunity to address this deficit in eg Sawtry.Key Issues and Challenges Based on the analysis of current provision, and the district context, there are a number of emerging key issues and challenges to be considered in developing the Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy. These include Current deficits in provision, which will only increase as the local population increases change magnitude participation will also have an impact on the demand for supply of swimming, sports hall and fitness station provision which is already insufficient, due to both quantitative and accessibility deficiencies. Facility condition ongoing investment in the existing HDC facilities to maintain and improve provision.Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Facility Design the jut out of some exis ting facilities could be improved to meet the needs of the local population, and specifically the needs of users with a balk. It is also important to consider alternative forms of provision, or perhaps less traditional type facilities, particularly to appeal to younger participants, where participation rates are lower in the District. Population Growth this quick growth over the next few years will increase the demand levels for sports facilities, particularly in and around St Neots.Drive to increase participation given the current Government targets for increasing participation in sport and physical activity, and the existing high activity rates in the District, the continued provision of accessible, fit for purpose and quality sports facilities is a clear priority for HDC and its stakeholder partners Increasing Participation amongst Younger People ie 16-34 years given that this group has low levels of active participation in sport and physical activity, it is important to ens ure that future provision reflects, and responds to, their needs Accessibility eg school facilities, daytime pools, sports halls it is outside the control of HDC to open up school sites for community use.This approach needs to be undertaken in partnership with the County Council. Commercial sector provision there is a significant level of commercial health and fitness provision in the District, some of which is of a go quality than the public sector facilities, however, it is not always accessible to those more deprived communities due to the comprise of membership fees Strategic testimonials Based on the analysis and findings of the sports facility strategy, the spare-time activity recommendations are made in terms of future sports facility provision in the District Recommendation 1 The priorities for future sports facility provision are accepted as Current Needs The theory-based deficiency in accessible water space this can be addressed by increasing access to existing pool facilities on education sites and those operated commercially The deficiency in accessible sports hall provision this could be addressed by opening up and extending community pay and play access to existing facilities, predominantly on school sites. The future implementation of BSF may also be an important factor in this in the future. The need to retain, not lose existing sports hall space operated through the public sector. The need to ensure fitness provision is accessible ie affordable, through appropriate partnerships with the commercial sector, pricing and programming policies The provision of additional ATPs (3 planned) and specifically the deficit of this type of facility in the north of the District. Future Needs The theoretical deficiency in accessible water space this can be addressed by increasing access to existing pool facilities on education sites and those operated commercially The deficiency in accessible sports hall provision this could be addressed by opening up and extending community pay and play access to existing facilities, predominantly on school sites. The future implementation of BSF may also be an important factor in this in the future. The need to ensure fitness provision is accessible ie affordable, through appropriate partnerships with the commercial sector, pricing and programming policies The provision of 1 additional ATP and specifically the deficit of this type of facility in the north of the District. The need for 1 additional swimming pool in the St Neots area as a result of significant population growth.Facility condition ongoing investment in the existing HDC facilities to maintain and improve provision. Facility Design the programme of some existing facilities could be improved to meet the needs of the local population, and specifically the needs of disability users. Population Growth this rapid growth over the next few years will increase the demand levels for sports facilities, particularly in and aroun d St Neots. There are a number of options to consider in addressing the need for new sports facilities in St Neots including their co-location with other community provision eg a new secondary school. 8 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Drive to increase participation given the current Government targets for increasing participation in sport and physical activity, and the existing high inactivity rates in the District, the continued provision of accessible, fit for purpose and quality sports facilities is a clear priority for HDC and its stakeholder partners Accessibility eg school facilities, daytime pools, sports halls Commercial sector provision there is a significant level of commercial health and fitness provision in the District, some of which is of a better quality than the public sector facilities, however, it is not always accessible to those more deprived communities due to cost Recommendation 2 Increasi ng Access Given that there are actually sufficient sports hall facilities in the District to meet demand, but they are not all accessible, the option of negotiating increased community access should also be considered as a priority. Recommendation 3 BSFGiven the identified deficiencies in pay and play accessible sports facility provision across the District it is recommended that opportunities for partnership with BSF, FE/HE and other strategic partners are supported by HDC to maximise participation opportunities for the Huntingdonshire community. The opportunities through BSF are particularly important for the north of the District. Recommendation 4 Local Standards The following Local Standards for future core community sports facility provision are adopted by HDC Quantity Table 3 Local Standards of Provision FACILITY TYPE Sports Hall (4 badminton Court) Swimming Pool (4 lane x 25m) Fitness Stations(20+ gym) Indoor Bowls ATPs Local Standards of Provision per 1000 population 51. 2 0 sq m 10. 96 sq m 3. 6 stations 0. 05 rink 0. 04 ATPs (based on 1 pitch (100m x 64m per 25,000 population) QualityThe future standard of provision for new facilities should be The sports facilities are to be designed to a tokenish playing standard of fit for purpose depending on the terminology of the various national governing sporting bodies and Sport England Guidance. External elevations to utilise high quality, low maintenance finishes, and be sympathetic to the surrounding environment. Finishes being robust and suitable for location and use. Building fabric and services to be cost effective with low maintenance. First major maintenance to body structure to be 50 years. Life expectancy of materials used to external elevations to be 25 years minimum (excluding routine maintenance).Sustainable, being responsible to environmental issues in terms of the use of energy and non-sustainable resources and the control of pollution. consumption of environmentally friendly and sus tainable building services and building materials to be maximised. Materials to be recyclable where possible. operate to be essentially economic and environmentally friendly, which allow cost in use to be minimised. The use of natural ventilation to be maximised. Full life cycle cost analysis will be required when considering the building fabric and services Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accessibility New sports facility provision should be located within a 20 minute walk time of its immediate catchment area, and where possible, should be linked to existing community provision eg education site All sports facility provision should be within a 20 minute drive time of its surrounding catchment area, and where possible and appropriate, depending on the nature of provision, should be located close to other community provision, to facilitate access and reduce the overall need for travel around the District Recommenda tion 5 Retention of Sports Hall Space Given the lack of accessible sports hall provision in the District, it is recommended that careful consideration be given to reducing the available pay and play space further, unless other arrangements are made to increase access at other existing facilities. Recommendation 6 Partnership It is recommended that HDC seek to work in partnership wherever possible to address the identified deficiencies in sports facility provision. Key partners at local level will be education, local sports clubs, health services, NGBs and programmes such as BSF.This approach reflects HDCs role as an enabler at local level. Recommendation 7 St Neots field of operation The opportunities and options for delivering new sports facilities in the growth area around St Neots need to be carefully considered, to ensure new facilities complement and do not compete with, existing HDC provision. HDC should seek to work in partnership, particularly with education, in the dev elopment of new sports facilities to facilitate co-located provision at the heart of the new community. Funding options to deliver the new facilities include growth area funding, S106, HDC capital, a private sector partnership and potentially external grant support.Recommendation 8 Participation in Sport and Physical Activity The provision of opportunities for participation in sport and physical activity across the District should be supported as a key priority given its potential to contribute positively to improved health, reduced obesity and social inclusion. Given the increasing issue of CHD, youth obesity, and the high level of smoking in the District, the role that active participation can play in improving health is critical. Appropriate resources should continue to be made available to improve awareness of provision, increase accessibility and deliver sport development programmes to increase and retain participation. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executi ve Summary March 2008 x SECTION I presentation AND emphasise Introduction 1. Strategic Leisure Limited (Strategic Leisure) was appointed by Sport England East in June 07 to develop a County Sports Facility Strategy for Cambridgeshire, covering Peterborough City Council, Huntingdonshire District (parts of) and Fenland District. SLL was asked to develop this work given the research and analysis undertaken to prepare the regional Sports Facilities Strategy (Creating Active Places), which has informed this strategy.This draft strategy covers the analysis and findings relating to Huntingdonshire District sports facility provision. This strategy will be incorporated into the final County Sports Facility Strategy, together with the analysis for Peterborough and Fenland, and the update of the Cambridgeshire Horizons reputation (2006) (Major Sports Facilities Strategy). 1. 2 1. 3 Rationale for the Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy 1. Huntingdonshire District Council (HDC) identif ied the need for a sports facility strategy to assist in guiding the future provision of a range of sports facilities in the District. The need for a clear and prioritised framework for future investment in sports facility provision is particularly critical given the likely need for additional provision as a result of population growth in the District, and specifically in the St Neots area, and the need for ongoing investment in the existing infrastructure. The development of the sports facilities strategy also provides the opportunity to assess the condition of existing provision, and whether it is appropriate to meet local needs and demand and to ensure that potential new provision helps to address any current deficiencies quantitative or qualitative.In addition, there is a need to ensure that the appropriate quantity and quality of facilities are provided to facilitate increased participation (Government agenda), and improve the health of the local community. It is important to stress that this strategy focuses on community sports facility provision and the needs for provision both now and into the future. The District also has a significant sporting infrastructure which includes provision for activities such as golf, sailing etc, and a large number of individual sports clubs. These are very important to facilitate increased participation, and encourage people to become involved in activity on a regular basis.Given the nature of the District, which is a combination of the four main towns of Huntingdon, Ramsey, St Neots and St Ives, smaller villages and more rural areas there is also a need to ensure that sports facilities are accessible throughout the District. There are two main factors which are particularly relevant to the future provision of sports facilities these are the future implementation of the Building Schools for the Future Programme (BSF) in the District, and the significant area of population growth around St Neots. This strategy will be use d to guide and inform the nature and extent of resources, financial and operational, which are needed to ensure that Huntingdonshire has up to date, fit for purpose, accessible and welcoming sports facilities for the existing community, people working in, or visiting the District, and any new residents in the District. 1. 5 1. 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 1. 10 Strategy Scope 1. 11 1. 12 The focus of this strategy is indoor sports facilities (swimming pools, sports halls, health and fitness facilities, indoor bowls), and Artificial Turf Pitches (ATPs). .The Strategy considers existing and planned facilities incorporating Local authority leisure centres Voluntary sector sports clubs Private sector facilities Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy design Report March 2008 1 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Secondary schools that will be/are being re-built or re-furbished under PFI or the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme Strategy Drivers 1. 3 The key drivers for the Strategy are The need to plan strategically and ensure sustainability of future provision The Local Development Framework (LDF), and Supplementary Planning Documents setting out expectations for S106 contributions from developers towards current and future sports facility provision The priorities and objectives for the Sustainable Community Strategy The need to identify what provision is needed in St Neots given the significant population increases planned for this area of the DistrictThe need to identify how best to provide for those living in rural areas, where accessibility to sports facilities is more limited The need to increase participation at local level Opportunities for partnerships Building Schools for the Future (BSF) Schools, National Governing Bodies (NGBs), Sports Clubs etc. N. B The feedback from NGBs reflects that gained in the development of Creating Active Places and the Cambridgeshire County Strategy. 1. 4 This approach to the future strategic planni ng of sports facilities will continue to be important for the District given a number of significant factors at local level, such as PARTICIPATION LEVELS The current high levels of participation in sport and physical activity in the District over 50% of all Huntingdonshire residents aged 16+ participate in physical activity (participation is higher in Huntingdonshire than in England) The Hinchingbrooke School Sports Partnership is now established, and working towards the targets set for the provision of 2 hours of PE for children under 16 plus 2/3 hours of participation in after school sports and physical activity HEALTH CHALLENGES Relatively high incidences of cancer Growing incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Relatively high numbers of people smoking (1 in 5) The rate of admissions to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is less than the England average The need to ensure hat obesity, especially amongst young people, reduces The opportunity to harness the social aspects of sport and physical activity to address issues of social isolation The opportunity for active participation to contribute to maintaining higher life expectancy for the Districts population than the England average POPULATION GROWTH Significant growth in population in and around St Neots, to the south of the District Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 2 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND PLANNING ISSUES The need to ensure investment in future provision of sports facilities, and the potential to achieve this through identification of priorities which inform the Local Development Framework (LDF) The need to develop Local Standards of provision to inform and guide future S106 contributions from developers Huntingdonshire District A Profile 1. 15 Huntingdonshire is a rural area of nearly 350 sq miles and is located within the County of Cambridgeshire. Historically it was a county in its own right. The population is around 168,200 with half(prenominal) living in the four market towns of Huntingdon (population 19,910), St Neots (population 26,230), St Ives (population 15,860) and Ramsey (population 6,070), with the remaining residents distributed within key settlements and rural villages. The District has two rivers running through it, the River Great Ouse through the market towns (except Ramsey) and the River Nene to the north.The Districts market towns and villages reflect the areas history associated with both papist and Anglo Saxon settlements. The District has excellent fascinate links to the A1 and A14, which in turn links to the M1, M11, and M6. The District has a high level of out-commuting at around 35%. The council along with other districts, county council, EEDA and GO East is part of the local infrastructure partnership to deliver the Governments sustainable communities plan in the Cambridge gunslinger region. Huntingdonshires current strategies look at addressing the negative effects of isolat ion ensuring that all residents, irrespective of their location, can access culture and cultural services.The majority of admit and economic growth has been, and will continue to be, located within the districts largest towns of Huntingdon and St Neots, although HDC has also planned development in other market towns such as St Ives and Ramsey. 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 19 1. 20 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 3 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. 21 The map to a lower place shows the District and its main population settlements Summary 1. 22 Huntingdonshire is a rural area with four main settlements. Although no more than 12 miles apart in terms of distance, the nature of the district means that accessibility to community provision, including sports facilities, is a challenge.Current sports facility provision is situated in each of the main settlements to overcome this issue. There is a need to consider how those living in the rural areas can best be provided with participative opportunities. Sports facility provision in the District is well thought of (comment in Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007), but there is a continuing need for capital investment just to maintain the Councils existing five leisure centres. There are potential partnership opportunities for new provision through the education sector, and also linked to the growth agenda. 4 1. 23 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 SECTION II STRATEGIC condition National Context 2. The national context which informs the overall need for a strategic approach to the future planning of sports facilities at local level is summarised in Table 1, Appendix 3 this demonstrates the Government priorities in relation to health, physical activity and increasing participation. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 5 SECTION II STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Context Review of Strategic Documents 2. 2 The local context for the development of the sports facility strategy is summarised below. Given the clear focus on improving health and overall quality of life in the District, there is potential for provision of sport and physical activity to play a key role in contributing to the achievement of these local objectives.Local Authority Huntingdonshire District Council Strategic Document HuntingdonshireGrowing successCorporate Plan 2007/8 wad / Main Aim(s) The Councils Vision is for Huntingdonshire to become a place where future generations have a good quality of life and enjoy Continued economic success Opportunities for all An environment that is protected and improved The Councils aims for the community are A clean, green and attractive place Housing that meets the local need Safe, vibrant and inclusive communities Healthy living Access to services and transport A strong diverse economy Key Priorities Priorities stemming from these aims Community Enable provision of a ffordable housing Achieve low level of homelessness Lower carbon emissions Improve access to Council services Promote kempt lifestyle choice Promote development opportunities in and around market towns Enhance public, community and specialist transport into and around the market towns Other Relevant Info Council Make performance management more effective and transparent Re-balance saving and spending to ensure resources are available to achieve council priorities Reduce number of car journeys to work by employees Build new operations centre and headquarters Be an employer people want to work for.The Councils Corporate Aims are Improve systems and practices Learn and develop Maintain punishing finances Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 6 SECTION II STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Authority Huntingdonshire District Council Strategic Document Open Space, Sport delight Needs Assessment Audit (August 2006) Vision / Main Aim(s) percentage 7 Outdoor Sports Key Priorities Overview of findings Overall, the most common travel method for visiting outside sports facilities is walking (50. 1%), followed by car 38. 8%. The most frequent travel time to the facility was among five and ten minutes (37%), followed by between 11 and 14 minutes (29%).Consultation highlights that there is a relatively even diffusion of outdoor sports facilities across the district, with a large proportion owned and managed by Parish Councils. The majority of use of the outdoor sports facilities within Huntingdonshire District is by formal clubs, and there is relatively little casual use of pitches. Provision of tennis and bowls within Huntingdonshire is predominately focused around the club structure, with most facilities in club self-control or leased to clubs. Consultation suggests that access to training facilities is a key issues, with only limited slots available at synthetic pitches for clubs wishing to train midweek.Other Relevant Info The Cambridge sub-region is the fastest growing area in the country. This significant increase in population will have far reaching consequences and will place demands on infrastructure and capacity of local services e. g. health services, transport and leisure facilities. Section 8 Playing Pitch Strategy The key areas of this part of the study included Analysing the current level of pitch Overall, the research methods outlined identified 237 playing pitches in the District (all known public, private, school and other pitches). They compromise 88 adult football pitches Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 7 SECTION II STRATEGIC CONTEXTLocal Authority Strategic Document Vision / Main Aim(s) provision within the District Assisting the Council in meeting playing pitch requirements Providing instruction for decision-making and future development proposals All calculations covered the following sports association football, rugby, cricket, and ho ckey Key Priorities 54 junior-grade football pitches 14 mini soccer pitches 43 cricket pitches 7 adult rugby pitches 7 junior rugby pitches 1 junior rugby league pitch 7 adult grass hockey pitches 19 synthetic turf pitches Research showed that Huntingdonshire has a good number of football, cricket and hockey pitches for formal adult use in comparison to the national average. Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007 2010 To enhance the quality of life and ensure that all of Huntingdonshires residents have the opportunity to pursue a wide range of highquality, sustainable cultural activities that fully reflect the diverse needs of the district THEME 1 Improve access to culture and leisure opportunities THEME 2 Develop and improve life-long learning THEME 3 Develop vibrant communities which are safer, healthier, cohesive and economically sustainable Other Relevant InfoHuntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 8 SECTION II STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local D emographic Profile 2. 2 A review of local demographics is important to 2. 3 Assess whether local facilities, often built some time ago, are located in the right place in relation to key population settlements Identify where there is likely to be population growth and additional demand for facilities Review the local population profile to identify particular inequalities e. g. health within Huntingdonshire It is also important to consider the demographic make up of the District as key demographic and socio-economic characteristics are known to influence demand characteristics.For example certain age-groups are known to register higher participation rates in a number of sport and leisure activities deprived communities often experience issues relating to access to services and opportunities cultural backgrounds may result in some passive and active recreation pursuits being favoured over others car ownership levels can impact on the range of facilities that can be accessed. A brief review of the key demographics (Source Census 2001 data) for the area shows that Overall population According to 2004 based population data (Government Actuary Department ( stray)) published in October 2007, the 2007 population for the District is 168,200, increasing to 188,400 by 2021.The GAD figures have been used as the basis for supply and demand modelling to inform the sports facilities strategy. The age structure of Huntingdonshires population is very similar to the averages for England in terms of the proportion of the population aged between 20 and 50 years. Huntingdonshire has a higher proportion of children, teenagers and adults aged 0-14, and 30-54 and a lower proportion of those aged 54 and over. 24. 4% of the population are aged between 30-44. Ethnicity. Huntingdonshires ethnic mix is the same as the national average with some 97% describing themselves as white. The next largest ethnic group (2. 8%) in Huntingdonshire is from black and minority ethnic groups (BME). Dep rivation Indices.Huntingdonshire District is a predominantly prosperous area, benefiting from higher than average earnings, low un involvement and crime. However, the 2007 Indices of Deprivation show that of the 20% most deprived wards in Cambridgeshire, 11 are now in Huntingdonshire. These are Super Output Areas of which the most severe area of deprivation is Huntingdon labor union ward. The population density in Huntingdonshire is lower than the England average of 3. 87 (Office for National Statistics (ONS) data for 2005). This reflects the rural aspect of the area. 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 Car Ownership 4% more households in the District have access to 2 or more cars than the England average. This very high rate reflects the rural nature of the District.Education Despite the Districts relative prosperity, in 2004 15% of school leavers left education with no qualifications 25% of 16-74 year olds in the District have no formal qualifications. Department of Health Loca l Authority Profile 2. 11 Local authority health profiles are designed to show the health of people in each local authority area, and include comparisons with other similar populations. Profiles are produced by Public Health Observatories and are updated annually. With other local information e. g. Community Plans, Local Area Agreements, these profiles demonstrate where action can be taken to improve peoples health and reduce inequalities.Key points extracted from the 2007 profiles covering Cambridgeshire include Huntingdonshire It is estimated that in Huntingdonshire 1 adult in 4 eats healthily and 1 in 6 binge drinks. Although estimated smoking rates are below average, 1 adult in 5 still smokes Life expectancy for both men and women is higher than the England average 2. 12 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 9 SECTION II STRATEGIC CONTEXT Rates of early deaths from cancer are similar to those in England but have shown no improvement in t rends over the last 4 years The rate of admission to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is lower than the England average CHD is a growing problem in the District Obesity levels, particularly amongst young people are also a growing issue Summary 2. 3 Huntingdonshire District is relatively affluent, but has small pockets of deprivation. There are high levels of employment and average wages are higher than other parts of the county, although some younger people lack formal qualifications. Life expectancy is high, and compared to some of the other more rural and urban areas, there are fewer serious health issues, with the exception of a growing incidence of CHD, and relatively high rates of cancer, experienced by the population. The District has a large younger population, and a high proportion of 30-44 year olds this profile is important for sports provision, as individuals tend to be more active when younger.